Chinese Kid IT World

If your BIRTH DAY is .....

2010-12-19T20:34:00.000-08:00

December 23rd ~ January 1st = Red

January 2nd ~ January 11th = Orange

January 12th ~ January 24th = Yellow

January 25th ~ February 3rd = Pink

February 4th ~ February 8th = Blue

February 9th ~ February 18th = Green

February 19th ~ February 28th = Brown

March 1st ~ March 10th = Aqua

March 11th ~ March 20th = Lime

March 21st = Black

March 22nd ~ March 31st = Purple

April 1st ~ April 10th = Navy

April 11th ~ April 20th = Silver

April 21st ~ April 30th = White

May 1st ~ May 14th = Blue

May 15th ~ May 24th = Gold

May 25th ~ June 3rd= Cream

June 4th ~ June 13th = Grey

June 14th ~ June 23rd = Maroon

June 24th = Grey

June 25th ~ July 4th = Red

July 5th ~ July 14th = Orange

July 15th ~ July 25th = Yellow

July 26th ~ August 4th = Pink

August 5th ~ August 13th = Blue

August 14th ~ August 23rd = Green

August 24th ~ September 2nd = Brown

September 3rd ~ September 12th = Aqua

September 13th ~ September 22nd = Lime

September 23rd = Olive

September 24th ~October 3rd = Purple

October 4th ~ October 13th = Navy

October 14th ~ October 23rd = Silver

October 24th ~November 11th = White

November 12th ~ November 21st = Gold

November 22nd ~ December 1st = Cream

December 2nd ~ December 11th = Grey

December 12th~ December 21st = Maroon

December 22nd = Teal

RED
Cute and lovable type, You are picky but always in love.. and liked to be loved. Fresh and cheerful, but can be "moody" at times. Capable with people nice, soft, and that can love you for the way you are. Likes people that are easy to talk to, and can make you feel. comfortable.

Orange
You are responsible for your own actions, and you know how to treat people.You always have goals to reach and you really work hard to get there, you are competitive. Your friends are really important to you and you appreciate what you have, you sometimes over react that's because you are sensitive. comfortable.

Yellow
You are sweet and innocent. Trusted by many people, and have a strong leadership towards relationships. You make good decision and make the right choice at the right time. And always dreaming of Romantic Relationship.

Blue
You may have low self-esteem, and can be very picky. You are artistic and like to fall in love, but you let your love pass by, by loving with your mind, not your heart. relationship.

Pink
You are always trying your best in everything, and like to help and care for other people. But you are not easily satisfied. You have negative thoughts, and you look for romantic love like in a fairytale. relationship.

Green
You get along well with new people. You are not really a shy person, but sometimes you can hurt people's feelings by your words... You like to be loved and noticed by your lover, but mostly you are single, waiting for the right person.

Brown
You are active and sportive. It's hard for other people to become close with you, but you fall in love easily. But once you find out you can't get something, you give up and let go easily as well.

Aqua
Your feelings change suddenly and easily. You are always lonely, and like traveling. You are truthful, but listen and believe other people too easily. It's hard to find love for you, and get lost in love easily, Sometimes get hurt by love.

Lime
You are calm, but easily stressed out. You get jealous easily, and complain over little things. You can't get stuck into one thing, but you have a capable personality for everyone to trust you and like you.

White
You are challenging, and have the "guts". But you don't like changes in your life. And once you make a decision, you keep it that way for a long time. Your love life is also challenging, and different.

Purple
You are Mysterious, never selfish and get interested in things easily. Your day can be Sad or Happy depending on your mood.You are popular between friends but you can act stupid at times,and forget things easliy.You go for a person that's trustworthy.

Navy
You are attractive, and love your life.You have a strong feeling towards everything. And very easily distracted.Once you get angry at someone, its hard for you to forgive them.

Olive
You are warm and light hearted.You seem to flow well with friends and family. You don't like Violence and know what's right.You are Kind and cheerful but don't evny other people.

Silver
You are imaginative and fun, You love trying new things.You like to challenge yourself and you learn things easily, you're easy to talk to and give good advice.When comes to friendship, you find it hard to trust someone, but once you find the right friend, you trust them forever.

Gold
You know what's right and what's wrong. You are cheerful and out going. It's hard for you to find the one you want, but once you find the right person, you won't be able to fall in love again for a long time.

Cream
Competitive and sportive. Don't like losing and always cheerful! You are trustworthy, and very out going. You choose love carefully, and don't fall in love easily. But once you find the right one, you don't let go or a long time.

Grey
you are attractive, and active. You never hide your feelings, and express everything that's inside. But can be selfish at times. You want to be noticed, and don't like to be treated unequally. You can brighten up peoples day. You know what to say at the right time, and you have a good sense of humor.

Maroon
You are intelligent, and know what's right. You like to make things go your way, which can sometimes cause trouble for not thinking about other people's feelings. But you be patient when it comes to love.. Once you get a hold of the right person, it's hard for you to find a better love.

男孩也好女孩也好，一起看看幾米的讀白吧......

2010-01-11T08:30:00.000-08:00

1.很清楚的知道她不合適自己，可是更確定的是他不會主動說分手。

他只是耗著等著，直到有一天女生自己受不了忽冷忽熱、若即若

離的態度，或是等到年華老去不得不下決定時，自己選擇離開。

妳的主動離開，我沒有負心，反而是尊重與成全妳的決定。

2. 半年後發現，他居然可以跟一個只認識三個月的女生步入禮堂，

令她晴天霹靂，才明白他不是不想結婚，不是真的不婚主義者，

說穿了只是他不想跟妳結婚。

八年的愛情長跑比不上三個月的感情。

3.

這位故事中的男生是我的朋友，現在也已經結婚半年。

當他聽到劉若英的「後來」，居然會無法克制的流眼淚，想起

的是他交往八年的前任女友。

為什麼會難過，因為妻子身上有著前任女友的影子，

他才明白其實他喜歡的就是這種類型的女孩。

4.

可是人往往很矛盾，
喜歡她的倔強與有性格，卻受不了她的嬌縱。

喜歡她的落落大方，卻受不了她的朋友一堆；

你愛她的小家碧玉，就不要怪她不夠大方；

你愛她的活潑大方，就不要批評她像花蝴蝶一樣。

戀愛談的愈長，結婚的可能性就愈低，

所以有時候戀愛的長度與結婚的可能性成反比。

5.

喜新厭舊是人性，日子久了，會結婚不是為了愛情，而是責任

感的驅使。婚後的他才慢慢的發現，當時的那一段感情其實不

是不愛，是時間太久了太長了，把愛情給磨掉了，再遇到另一

個女孩點燃了愛情的火苗，星星之火足以遼源，把枯竭已久的

愛情給予生命，所以倉促的決定結婚。

等到真的結婚後，愛情降了溫，才慢慢的發現其實妻子的身上

有著許多前任女友的影子，他比較愛的人其實還是前任女友，

可是他娶的卻不是她。

這樣的情節不知道是不是也在別處同樣上演著？

6.

學生時代的愛情很單純，出社會以後總想等工作穩定以後再結

婚，工作穩定以後又想等有一點積蓄買車子、買房子以後再結

婚，等著等著，等到愛情被時光給消磨，等到第三者介入點燃

了對方心中激情的火苗，乾柴烈火不可收拾以後，曾經在年少

一起織夢的理想全都抵擋不了新鮮感的激情，所以琵琶別抱，

到最後步入禮堂的都不是在一起同甘共苦、共同經歷過寒、暑

假，等當兵的人。

7.

所以奉勸各位女孩子，

如果對方真的是你想結婚的對象，不要想著有房子有車子有金

子，有了一切再結婚。

現實是，等他有了一切，他的身價暴漲是有價值的單身貴族，

他必需要面臨的是更多的誘惑，妳長久以來的等待與年輕時許

下的山盟海誓都難以抵擋誘惑排山倒海的來。

就像我現在若不嫁他，非得等到他有車子有房子還有存款時再

結婚，那時新娘有極高的可能不是我。

因為要等到什麼都有還要幾年？

有能力的男人就像酒愈久愈香醇，女人則像麵包一樣有賞味期

限，青春是女人的天敵。

如果我是他，等到我三十五歲，什麼都有是個有上千萬身價的

黃金單身漢，我並不需要一個很有能力而年過三十的女人來幫

襯我，我寧可選個如花似玉，年輕貌美的女生，也許沒有什麼

工作能力，至少發揮了賞心悅目的功能，一個真正有能力的男

人，不會在乎一個女人是否能在他的財富上加乘。

遇上對的人，莫等待莫蹉跎，也許沒有房子沒有車子，只要他

認真上進，他就是張有潛力的積優股，早點進場獲利更高。

8.

也提醒各位男士，

如果對方真的是你想好好疼愛的女人，別讓她等太久，
有她一起陪你奮鬥應該是很美好的一件事除非你心中有其他的想法，

否則別讓愛情等太久，把真愛都磨掉了！雖然聽起來很殘忍,但

身邊的家人朋友都有類似的例子。

真愛，就不要等，除非是不想結婚......

黑白老鼠

2009-12-28T23:43:00.001-08:00

這個故事比喻的真是棒！

有一個人在森林中漫遊的時候，
突然遇見了一隻飢餓的老虎，
老虎大吼一聲就撲了上來。
他立刻用生平最大的力氣和最快的速度逃開，
但是老虎緊追不捨，他一直跑一直跑一直跑，
最後被老虎逼入了斷崖邊上。站在懸崖邊上，他想：
「與其被老虎捉到，活活被咬、肢解，
還不如跳入懸崖，說不定還有一線生機。」

他縱身跳入懸崖，非常幸運的卡在一棵樹上，
那是長在斷崖邊的梅樹，樹上結滿了梅子。

正在慶幸的時候，他聽到斷崖深處傳來巨大的吼聲，
往崖底望去，原來有一只兇猛的獅子正抬頭看著他，
獅子的聲音使他心顫，但轉念一想：

「獅子與老虎是相同的猛獸，被甚麼吃掉，都是一樣的。」

當他一放下心，又聽見了一陣聲音，
仔細一看，一黑一白的兩隻老鼠，
正用力地咬著梅樹的樹幹。他先是一陣驚慌，
立刻又放心了，
他想：「被老鼠咬斷樹幹跌死，總比被獅子咬好。」

情緒平復下來後，他感到肚子有點餓，
看到梅子長得正好，就採了一些吃起來。
他覺得一輩子從沒吃過那麼好吃的梅子，
找到一個三角形樹丫休息，他想著：
「既然遲早都要死，不如在死前好好睡上一覺吧！」

他在樹上沉沉的睡去了。睡醒之後，
他發現黑白老鼠不見了，老虎、獅子也不見了。
他順著樹枝，小心翼翼的攀上懸崖，終於脫離險境。

原來就在他睡著的時候，飢餓的老虎按捺不住，
終於大吼一聲，跳下懸崖。黑白老鼠聽到老虎的吼聲，
驚慌逃走了。
跳下懸崖的老虎與崖下的獅子展開激烈的打鬥，
雙雙負傷逃走了。

由我們誕生那一刻開始，
苦難．就像飢餓的老虎一直追趕著我們，
死亡，就像一頭兇猛的獅子，一直在懸崖的盡頭等待，
白天和黑夜的交替，就像黑白老鼠，
不停地正用力咬著我們暫時棲身的生活之樹，
總有一天我們會落入獅子的口中。

既然知道了生命中最壞的情景是死亡，唯一的路，
就是安然地享受樹上甜美的果子，然後安心地睡覺，
只有存著這樣單純的心、少慾望、多一點赤子之心。

最近常常聽到朋友的親友去世的消息，
除了安慰了幾句外好像什麼都不能做了
恐怕有一天自己亦會成為別人口中的壞消息
所以你們有沒有好好的享受你在世上的每一分每一秒?

如果剛才你和另一半或是和家人為了芝麻綠豆的事鬧翻了，現在頭頂還在生煙的話，請你看看那晴朗的天空和那飄渺的白雲，其實你又錯過了美好的一天呀 !

有些朋友雖然不常聯絡，卻偶爾寄個E-mail、也許是一些笑話、溫馨小品，或是小遊戲給你，這表示他一直在關心著你，他將你放在心裡，也珍惜彼此的友誼。

因此，要時時心存好意！
腳走好路！身行好事，惜緣種福...... 。

喜欢的人~与~好友~一起分享噢

2009-12-03T20:41:00.002-08:00

＊誰可以當男朋友，誰只能當普通朋友。＊
普通朋友：半夜會找妳打BBS聊天到很晚。
男朋友：半夜看妳還在BBS上會趕你下線(當然妳可以柪個幾分鐘)。
---------------------------------------------
普通朋友：他會找你出去玩,叫妳放棄報告或翹課。
男朋友：他會催妳快寫作業,或者想要跟你討論功課。
---------------------------------------------
普通朋友：在你生病時，會講好話關心妳。
男朋友：在你生病時，他會關心到你很煩，而且逼你去看醫生。
------------------------------------------
普通朋友：他會盡量說好話來討好妳，妳會覺得他很棒。
男朋友：他所說的話，都是關心妳的！但通常像是在命令妳，妳會覺得他幹麻這麼做。
--------------------------------------------
普通朋友：他什麼事情都會配合著你，只要你高興。
男朋友：他會幫你辨別是非，但你會覺得他管太多。
-----------------------------------
普通朋友：他會說他要給你最大的幸福。
男朋友：他只能給你保證，妳跟他在一起，他是最快樂的。
-----------------------------------------
普通朋友：他會幫你買消夜，送宵夜，載你上下課。
男朋友：他會幫你買宵夜，不過他會提醒你，吃什麼比較健康。
他會載你上下課，不過要他有順路，因為他不能為你而翹課。
因為他翹課，他成績便會不好，成績不好不會有好工作。
那你們將來日子怎麼會好過，他會想的很遠。
----------------------------------------
普通朋友：他只有想到現在。
男朋友：他已經預見將來，該怎麼自我努力，好給你幸福。

★我要把幸福裝滿.連同我......一起送給你～。。☆

愛上一个人..........如此的甜蜜卻又讓人受傷害

放棄一个人..........如此的難過卻又讓人心碎

珍惜身旁的每一个人,不要等到失去了

才瞭解到遺憾.和後悔是如此的痛苦....

12 Ways To Know That You Love Someone

2009-12-03T20:41:00.001-08:00

TWELVE:
You talk with him/her late at night and when you go to bed you still think of him/her.

ELEVEN:
You walk really slowly when you are with him/her.

TEN:
You don't feel Ok when he/she is far away.

NINE:
You smile when you hear his/her voice.

EIGHT:
When you look at him/her,you do not see other people around you.You see only him/her.

SIX:
He/She is everything you want to think.

FIVE:
You realise that you smile every time you look at him/her.

FOUR:
You would do anything to see him/her.

THREE:
While you have been reading this, there was a person in your mind all the time.

TWO:
You've been so busy thinking of that person that you didn't notice that number SEVEN is missing.

ONE:
You are going to check above if that's true and now you are silently laughing to yourself.

記得關電腦

2009-12-02T22:06:00.001-08:00

再次提醒，不要懶。記得關電腦 !

請轉知關心你身邊的人趴在桌上午睡者, 要記得關電腦!

沒想到鍵盤的輻射量最高

大家記得中午時要關上電腦，別再讓它摧殘身體了.....

據醫學報告指出，每天使用電腦4-6小時，三年後得到癌症的機率比正常人多26%，你
是否常覺得頭重重的或記憶力衰退呢?

趴著睡覺的時候要記的把電腦關機，只是把螢幕關掉而已，因為只把螢幕關掉是無法
杜絕輻射線的，而且我們都是趴著睡，頭直接對著電腦，哪天得了老人癡呆症或腦瘤
就來不及了！

輻射線真的很可怕的！！
小心啊~健康重於一切！！^0^

電腦族的殺手---胸廓出口症

常坐在電腦桌前的你，是否一坐就是好幾個小時而且坐姿不正確，總感到莫名肩頸疼
痛，甚至於無心工作？

現在請你作個小測驗，請你將你的頭向左側方向望去，然後將你的頭４５度朝下慢慢
彎下去，動作做到這裡, 你的脖子頸肩是否感到不正常的酸痛？

假使你有上述症狀，你可要小心了，因為你很可能得到現代電腦文明病「胸廓出口症
候群」。殺手原來是~~電腦~~

電腦一族的您或許常納悶為何常常感到腰酸背痛，身體抵抗力越來越弱，精神常常無
法集中，您絕無法想像原因出在電腦 ?

電腦所散發出的輻射電波往往為人們所忽視，依國際MPRⅡ防輻射安全規定，在 50c m
距離內必需≦25V/m的輻射曝露量，但您知道電腦的輻射量是多少嗎？

Ⅰ、鍵盤1000V/m

Ⅱ、滑鼠450V/m

Ⅲ、螢幕 218V/m

Ⅳ、主機170V/m

跟電腦一起午休的各位朋友，多想想~~~~

爱一人

2009-12-02T22:04:00.001-08:00

如果你不爱一个人,

请放手.

好让别人有机会爱她.

如果你爱的人放弃了你,

请放开自己,

好让自己有机会爱别人.

有的东西你再喜欢也不会属于你的,

有的东西你再留恋也注定要放弃的.

人生中有许多种 .

但别让自己为一种伤害.

有些缘分是注定要失去的,

有些缘分是永远都不会有好结果的,

爱一个人不一定要拥有,

但拥有一个人就一定要好好的去爱她.

男人哭了是因为他真的爱了.

女人哭了是因为她真的放弃了.

如果真诚是一种伤害,

我选择谎言;

如果谎言一种伤害,

我选择沉默;

如果沉默是一种伤害,

我选择离开.

如果失去是苦，

你怕不怕付出 ,

如果迷乱是苦，

你会不会选择结束,

如果追求是苦，

你会不会选择执迷不悟 ,

如果分离是苦，

你要向谁倾诉,

好多事情都是后来才看清楚,

好多事情当时一点也不觉得苦!!!!

***爱&缘分***

１.她無聊時陪她〃

２.她難過時安慰她〃

３.男生要主動點〃

４.多約女友出去〃

５.不能讓女友主動約〃

６.讓她每天都開心愉快〃

７.要好好對待女友〃

８.順從女友的意〃

９.不要讓她傷心難過〃

１０.當她被欺負要立刻去保護她〃

１１.不要隱瞞女友事情〃

１２.不能背叛女友〃

malaysia english mou tak teng

2009-12-02T22:03:00.001-08:00

Malaysia english mou tak teng man....!!!!!!!learn la veli usefull one kekekekeke
Malaysia English vs Britian English ... Who says our English is teruk. Just see below - Ours is simple,short,concise, straight-to-point, effective etc. The English did invent the English Language, but they cannot use it economically when communicating their intentions. Compare these phrases that Malaysians and Britons use to say the same thing: So, why make things so confusing and waste of money when you are and a long distance call.
WHEN GIVING A CUSTOMER BAD NEWS
Britons: I'm sorry, Sir, but we don't seem to have the sweater you want in your size, but if you give me a moment, I can call the other outlets for you.
Malaysians: No Stock.

RETURNING A CALL
Britons: Hello, this is John Smith. Did anyone page for me a few moments ago?
Malaysians: Hallo, who page?

ASKING SOMEONE TO MAKE WAY.
Britons: Excuse me, I'd like to get by. Would you please make way?
Malaysians: S-kew me

WHEN SOMEONE OFFERS TO PAY
Britons: Hey, put your wallet away, this drink is on me.
Malaysians:No-need, lah.

WHEN ASKING FOR PERMISSION
Britons: Excuse me, but do you think it would be possible for me to enter through this door?
Malaysians: (pointing the door) can ar?

WHEN ENTERTAINING
Britons: Please make yourself right at home.
Malaysians: Don't be shy, lah!

WHEN DOUBTING SOMEONE
Britons: I don't recall you giving me the money.
Malaysians: Where got?

WHEN DECLINING AN OFFER
Britons: I'd prefer not to do that, if you don't mind.
Malaysians: Doe-waaaan!

IN DISAGREEING ON A TOPIC OF DISCUSSION
Britons: Err. Tom, I have to stop you there. I understand where you're
coming from, but I really have to disagree with what you said about the issue.
Malaysians: You mad, ah?

WHEN ASKING SOMEONE TO LOWER THEIR VOICE.
Britons: Excuse me, but could you please ! lower your voice, I'm trying to concentrate over here.
Malaysians: Shaddap lah!

WHEN ASKING SOMEONE IF HE/SHE KNOWS YOU.
Britons: Excuse me, but I noticed you staring at me for some time. Do I know you?
Malaysians: See what, see what?

WHEN ASSESSING A TIGHT SITUATION.
Britons: We seem to be in a bit of a predicament at the moment.
Malaysians: Die-lah!!

WHEN TRYING TO FIND OUT WHAT HAD HAPPENED
Britons: Will someone tell me what has just happened?
Malaysians: Wat happen Why lidat????ADUI!!! (jumping to conclusion)

WHEN SOME ONE DID SOMETHING WRONG
Britons: This isn't the way to do it here let mne show you.
Malaysians:Hoi!!!u pig ar lidat also doe no how to do!!!!

WHEN ONE IS ANGRY
Britons: Would you mind not disturbing me
Malaysians:Celaka u/LANCAUUUUUUUU/cibai la/puki mak/pu nya ma!!!

Why We Use English for IT

2009-12-02T22:02:00.001-08:00

Why Malaysian Government insists on using English for math and science?
This is because the whole world uses the language as an information and/or technology language. How dangerous it will be if we try to use Bahasa , especially in school. See example below:-

Hardware = barangkeras

Software = baranglembut

Joystick = batang gembira

Plug and Play = cucuk dan main

Port = lubang

Server = pelayan

Client = pelanggan

Try to translate this:

ENGLISH:

That server gives a plug and play service to the client using either hardware or software joystick. The joystick goes into the port of the client.

Now in BAHASA:

Pelayan itu memberi pelanggannya layanan cucuk dan main dengan menggunakan batang gembira jenis keras atau lembut. Batang gembira itu akan dimasukkan ke dalam lubang pelanggan.

Now you know...WHY...

Miss Universe

2009-12-02T22:01:00.001-08:00

One of the main reasons why in recent years the Malaysian Government has always ensured that their Miss Universe representative were of tertiary level education or higher was because of the following incident which occurred not too many years ago.

It is the final round of the Miss Universe Pageant and the 3 finalists, Miss USA , Miss Malaysia and Miss Singapore are being asked 3 simple questions:

MC: The first question is name me an electrical
appliance starting with "L"
Miss USA : Lamp
Miss Singapore : Light bulb
Miss Malaysia : LADIO
Judge: No, no, Radio does not start with the letter "L"

MC: I am going to give you 3 more chances; Now, name me an animal starting with the letter "L"
Miss USA : Lion
Miss Singapore : Leopard
Miss Malaysia : LABBIT
Judge: No, no, no!

MC: Your next chance. The name of a famous car that starts with "L"
Miss USA : Lexus
Miss Singapore : Lamborghini
Miss Malaysia : Lolls-Loyce
Judge: Oh my God!

MC: I am going to give you one last chance! Name me a fruit starting with the letter "L"
Miss USA : Lemon
Miss Singapore : Lychee
Miss Malaysia , with full of confidence, smiles and says: LIEW LIAN!!

This is not the end of the story, the Judge consulted the board of judges to determine if Miss Malaysia should really be disqualified ; and they decided that since Miss Malaysia was having so many problems with the letter "L", they decided to give her another chance.

Judge: OK, the final question is : Name me a human anatomy starting with the letter "L"
Miss USA : Lung (applause)
Miss Singapore : Liver (even more applause)
Miss Malaysia : LAN CIAU

给自己的女朋友及身旁的女性朋友

2009-12-02T21:58:00.000-08:00

女人月经来潮前会有头晕者，是癌症的前兆
抗癌之母 — 庄淑旗博士生于 1922 年，今年 80 岁了
庄淑旗博士的抗癌养生法
女生月经来时为何不能洗头 ?

很早以前就常听到老一辈的人这样规劝我们这些不怕死的年青人
因为问他们：为什么不行？没人回答得出来，只说：那是以前人经验累积的
告戒，不听的话，以后老了就会知道！

所以就这样，一直觉得那可能是古早环境不好，没有像我们现在有吹风机，
洗好马上吹干，应该就没事了 …

想不到 …… 看了这篇文章后，才知道不是有没有吹干的问题
各位不论是小女孩还是大女人，都应该要注意，不要洗头就对了
男生收到也看一看，跟你有关的女人都应该让他知道这个正确观念才是 !

台湾的女医学博士庄淑旗女士，在日本留学潜心研究发现，她以中国医理的
根基研究医学，先后在日本庆应大学修得药理博士、医学博士，她对日本癌症患
者三万人的病发前的生活调查发现，绝大多数的癌症患者均有极端的偏食习惯，并在
调查中有惊人的发现，大多数的乳癌及子宫癌患者，喜欢在月经来潮时，洗头发、提
重东西、或产后不注意调养或吃冰冷食物，致子宫收缩不完全，而使体内贺尔蒙分泌
不平衡，长久累积而致癌。

由于这项发现，庄博士乃潜心研究女性月经期间生理调理的方法，在日本发
表改善月经期间饮食法，与改变生活方式疗法，结果使许多日本妇女因乳癌、子
宫癌症及得患其它癌症开刀者，因饮食、生活的改善，而使癌症不再发。

现在这个疗法已在日本被广为宣传，每年有数万人因而得救，这个方法就是，
在月经期不能洗头，她说古老的时侯，妇女们都知道月经期间不能洗头，将之传
给她的女儿媳妇，但不知其原因，有许多现代人总以为科学发达，古老的说法无凭
据，不信，结果竟得乳癌，庄博士说：以往子宫大量出血的妇女，在妇科未发达以
前，她们都不愿找医师看病，而有一个自疗方法，即是将头发用水打湿，则子宫收
缩，血立刻止掉。

因为这个原理，她发现，月经来潮时，不能洗发，不能吃冰冷食物，以免让
排出的污血未排净，而残留在子宫之内，日积月累，贺尔蒙分泌失调，而有乳
癌、子宫癌的发生，除了不洗发，不吃冰冷食物外，如月经来潮前会有头晕、胀
奶、便泌者，这是癌症的前兆，预防方法可依体型用黑糖、莲藕、萝葡、薏仁等，
熬汤饮之，则可防止癌细胞的发展，达到最佳的预防方法 ·

请多多转寄给自己的女朋友及身旁的女性朋友。
少喝奶茶，不吃刚烤的面包，远离充电电源，白天多喝水晚上少喝，一天不喝多
于两杯咖啡，少吃油多的食物，最佳睡眠时间为晚 10点到早6点，晚 5点后少吃大餐，
一天喝酒不能超过 1 杯，不用冷水服胶囊，睡前半小时服药忌立即躺下，睡眠不足
8小时人会变笨，有午觉习惯的人不易变老，手机剩一格点时不要打电话，
因为一格电打电话时的辐射是平常的1000倍，还要记得要用左耳接电话，
右耳接电话会直接伤到大脑。

女性健康实用宝典
粉色题板
1. 在干净的床上裸睡
3. 生理期不吃巧克力，因为会加重痛经
4. 经期只穿无钢圈内衣
5. 养成记录生理周期的习惯
6. 通过运动而非调整型内衣来塑造曲线
7. 不翘二郎腿，以免压迫神经
8. ML后去一次洗手间
9. 贴身衣物要干洗
10. 拉风的丁字裤不适宜日常穿着
11. 不穿标有 '免烫'标识的衣服
12. 丝巾扎得过紧会导致头晕
13. 去年的衣服要进行曝晒后才可以穿
14. 如非必要，不使用卫生护垫
15. 定期检查化妆品的保质期
16. 洗浴后一小时再化妆
17. 每周只用一次清洗液，用温水清洁私密部位
18. 即使爱美，也不要在耳朵上部的外缘软骨部位穿耳洞
19. 染发频率控制在半年一次
20. 了解自己的家庭病史，特别是母亲和外婆的病史

蓝色题板
21. 每天踏进办公室，先将窗户打开透气，再坐下来工作
22. 如果一天要接听5 小时电话，使用无线耳机
23. 复印文件时，与复印机保持至少一米
24. 只在非常必要时才使用滴眼液
25. 不趴在办公桌上午睡
26. 该午休的时候不玩电脑游戏
27. 在办公室为自己准备小靠垫，放在腰部
28. 从不戴着眼镜接听手机
29. 别让电脑包围你，它的侧、背面辐射更凶
30. 不要将笔记本电脑放在膝上使用
31. 在办公桌上养一盆仙人掌，帮助吸收辐射
32. 阅读完报纸后，记得清洗掉沾在手上的油墨
33. 每 30分钟伸一次懒腰
34. 办公室地毯定期清洗杀虫
35. 用完电脑后要清洁面部及手部，清除辐射微尘
36. 下班时将洗净的水杯倒扣在办公桌上
37. 单肩的短带挎包会加重肩周炎症状
38. 公文包时的口红与签字笔分格存放
39. 每天保证有2 小时以上的时间，让脚从高跟鞋时解放出来
40. 每周晚过22：00 的加班不超过一次

绿色题板
41. 浴室保持干燥，防止霉菌滋生
42. 沐浴不超过10分钟
43. 不要坐在马桶上看报纸
44. 用温水刷牙，同时刷刷舌头
45. 用冷热水交替洗脸
46. 不用塑料器皿盛装热水
47. 定期清理冰箱
48. 微波炉在工作时，请离开厨房
49. 使用抽油烟机
50. 晚餐时关掉电视机
51. 尽量避免使用厚绒布窗帘
52. 杀虫剂和清洁剂要放在远离起居场所的储物间
53. 用天然的花香或果香代替芳香剂
54. 和宠物嬉戏完要认真洗手
55. 冬天居室里的加湿器使用纯净水
56. 不要贪图方便将电脑带进卧室
57. 不要把手机放在枕边充当闹钟
58. 别在临睡前服药，安眠药也要提前半小时服用
59. 头发没干时，别急着入睡
60. 卧室的房间要用柔和色彩

黄色题板
61. 在牛奶和豆浆之间，选择后者
62. 觉得还可以再吃半碗饭时，离开餐桌
63. 如果身体不感到饥渴，每天只需饮用4杯水
64. 多喝酸奶
65. 无论什么原因，都别抽烟
66. 在食谱里添加杂粮和蔬菜
67. 饮绿茶胜过红茶
68. 重视早餐多过晚餐
69. 控制盐的用量
70. 起床后先刷牙，再喝水
71. 经常嚼口香糖
72. 一早一晚，两个苹果可以有效改善便秘
73. 纯素食可能导致荷尔蒙分泌异常，造成不孕
74. 每周至少吃一次鱼
75. 远离可乐等碳酸饮料
76. 不喝久煮的火锅汤
77. 没有果汁牛奶这回事，它们是天生的冤家
78. 饭前吃水果胜过饭后
79. 睡前可以来一杯红葡萄酒
80. 喝咖啡可能引起女性骨质疏松

橙色题板
81. 多享受早晨8－9 点的阳光
82. 跑步、骑脚踏车等运动可以保持优美的腿部线条
83. 热水泡脚可有效预防静脉曲张
84. 精神极度疲倦时并不适宜以运动减压，休息更重要
85. 冬季少做户外运动
86. 10层以下，不乘坐电梯
87. 每三个月改变一次你的健身菜单
88. 每天运动半小时，而非周末运动3小时
89. 运动前先卸妆
90. 边看电视边做柔软体操
91. 在游泳池里一定要戴上泳帽和泳镜
92. 经常散步
93. 午休也是健身的好时间，不一定非等到晚上
94. 光脚穿运动鞋固然舒服，却对健康不利
95. 睡半硬的床铺更有利于颈椎健康
96. 去正规的医院而非美容院接受按摩
97. 非运动状态下不喝功能性饮料
98. 运动后休息半小时再入浴
99. 不在过吵的健身房中锻炼
100. 正确的姿势比专程去健身更有效

Malaysian Joke

2009-12-02T21:57:00.001-08:00

Malaysian Joke….read slowly….see if you can understand the dialogue.

Two old friends, a Chinaman and a Malay were having a conversation.

Apek : Lu potong zaka ada bagut kah?
Ali : Manyak bagut. Bila lu potong haa, lu punya barang manyak bersih loo.
Apek : ?!!...err…saya kawan ada cakap, potong zaka aahh…manyak ploblem.
Ali : Apa probrem?
Apek : Manyak buang lui…lagi aahh…dia punya performance talah bagut….
Manyak cinang semputloh.
Ali : Cehh, apek. Lu apa celita. Saya suda lama potong. Tada apa probrem.
..bini saya manyak puas woo…
Apek : Lu mini puas sama itu potong zaka ka?
Ali : Ya laa. Bila lu potong aahh, lagi sedap maen woo….
Lu lagi lambat pancut.
Apek : ???!!!...err…lu punya 1.3 atau 1.5?
Ali : ….??!!....woi apek…cakap baik2 sikit laa. Saya punya 6 inci lah.
Apek : ??!...Tiew nia sing…lu jangan maen2 haa…mana ada potong zaka 6 inci?
Ali : Cilaka apek ni…nak tengok…(unzip his trousers)
Apek : Chee sin punya olang. Gua tanya baik2….lu tunjuk lu punya lanchiau.
Ali : Abis…lu tarak percaya….saya tunjuk la.
Apek : Saya talah tanya sama lu punya lanchiau…
Saya tanya lu pasal it nasional car…potong zaka…molo punya olang.
Ali : Aiya apek…lain kali lu sebut betul2 la…kasi susa saja…
Bukan potong zaka la….proton saga.

When a boy loves you

2009-12-02T21:55:00.000-08:00

This is really sweet........

-When a boy is quiet ...
millions of things are running
in his mind.

-When a boy is not arguing ...
he is thinking deeply.

-When a boy looks at u
with eyes full of questions
... he is wondering
how long you will be around.

-When a boy answers
' I'm fine '
after a few seconds
...he is not at all fine.

-When a boy stares at you
... he is wondering why you
are lying.

-When a boy sat on your lap he is wishing 4 u to his forever.

When a boy want to see you everyday, he want to be pampered

.

-When a boy says
' I love you ' ...
he means it.

-When a boy says
' I miss you ' ...
no one in this world can
miss you more than that.

-Life only comes around
once make sure u spend it
with the right person...

Find a Guy,
-Who calls you beautiful
instead of hot.

-Who calls you back when
you hang up on him.

-Who will stay awake
just to watch you sleep.

-Wait for the guy who ...
kisses your forehead.

-Who wants to show you
off to the worldwhen you
are in your sweats.

-Who holds your hand in
front of his friends.

-Who is constantly
reminding you of how much
he cares about you and
how lucky he is to have you.

-Who turns to his friends
and says, ' That's her!! '

超帥氣的情書

2009-12-02T21:53:00.001-08:00

暗戀
文學院裡，有個男孩一直暗戀著一個女孩，在知曉那女孩喜歡文筆好的人時，便鼓起勇氣寫了一封信給她：

請恕我如此冒昧來信，只是有些話應該讓妳知曉…
當我第一眼見到妳時，便已不由自主地戀上妳了，
我知道在妳眼中，我不過是顆毫不起眼的小沙粒。
女孩看見了我的長相，總會往我臉上貼好人標籤；
朋友在見著我的樣貌，馬上邀我加入去死去死團…
友情能換算成金錢的話，我大概已富過了王永慶，
好人若當成招牌來擺，我的店早已開遍台灣全島了
吧！到現在，我想聰明如妳，已經猜著了我的心意
？特別如妳，不會同一般女孩直接回我好人卡吧？

隔天，男孩收到了一封回信：

本以為是封尋常來信，沒想到竟是出自風趣幽默之
人的手筆，我想那些會狠下心來拒絕你的人，想必
對你的瞭解根本不夠深入。我想你能夠試著把才華
公然展現在眾人面前，讓那些人對你刮目相看。別
的不說，憑你在信裡頭的風趣言談，就足以令那些
沒將你放在眼裡的人，徹底跌破眼鏡了吧！別不高
興了嘿，我想以你如此的才華，找到比我更好更有
趣的女孩絕對不成問題，你該清楚我在說些什麼吧
。這不是配不配的問題，而是你我值得更好的人！

男孩不死心，於是又寫了一封信給那女孩：

秋意漸涼，出入請記得多加件衣裳，雖然這其實沒
啥大不了的，甚至不關我的事，我能有資格關心嗎
？沒有吧！我想，我明白妳的好意，只是駑鈍且卑
賤如我，實在受不起妳所謂的風趣幽默，其實站在
女孩子面前，我能夠不結巴已屬萬幸。我想，其他
人怎麼看我都無所謂，我只在乎妳的想法懂嗎？唉
！也許妳根本看不懂，或者妳根本是假裝看不懂，
幹嘛這樣呢？或許我們當不成情人也當不了朋友吧
！但能否請妳好好考慮一下，我們之間的可能呢？

隔天，男孩再度收到了一封回信：

本想繼續逃避這個問題，又怕對你造成二次傷害，
人生充滿了兩難的抉擇，魚與熊掌自古甚難兼得。
對不起。這是我唯一能說的話，好友經常罵我豬頭
豬腦，我想感情這條路上我總是反應遲鈍。你的信
更令我感到心中有愧，然而，同情跟愧對，其實是
沒法等同於愛情，這條路上，我始終堅信緣份，隨
興而談的戀情之於我太過脆弱也太過不堪一擊。無
趣的言詞就寫到這裡，我始終少了份幽默，你瞧吧
！我倆終歸是兩條不交會平行線，這是我的回答。

男孩看完後，便立刻將信給撕個稀巴爛，扔在地上氣極般地猛踩。

P.S. 你確定真的含蓄嗎？有看懂他們之間的對話嗎？信的每行第一個字直直唸下來，你就明白我在說些什麼了……

男人女人

2009-12-02T21:52:00.001-08:00

男人
@訂婚前好像---孫子對女友百依百順,關心有加，忍氣吞聲。
@訂婚後好像---兒子已經開始頂嘴，開始有個人的意見。
@結婚後好像---老子已經變成名符其實的老爺，由他發號施令。

女人
@訂婚前好像---燕子愛怎麼飛就怎麼飛，不受拘束自由自在。
@訂婚後好像---鴿子雖然能飛，但必須回家。
@結婚後好像---鴨子再也不能亂飛，祇有看家守著老子。

有人說，一個人過了二十五歲就該為自己的外貌負責任；我想，男人最應該為女人的外貌負責任。

一個清麗脫俗的女人跟了一個俗不可耐的男人，日子久了，女人也會變得很庸俗，她的五官沒有改變，皮膚依然白皙，但是她的氣質總是比不上從前了。

我們總是被我們所愛的東西定型，一個女人愛上一個怎樣的男人，她就會變成一個怎樣的女人；女人不美，是男人的責任。

一個本來很漂亮的女人愈來愈憔悴，那麼，一定是她的男人待她不好，她有憂傷，才會失去光彩。

一個本性馴良的女人愈來愈潑辣，那麼，一定是她的男人不爭氣，她只好比他強。

一個清秀的女人變得愈來愈冶艷，那麼，一定是她的男人不能滿足她，她只好把風情投向其他男人。

一個本來很高貴的女人變得愈來愈隨便，那麼，她的男人一定是個沒上進心的人，所以，她也失去了上進心。

一個本來很平凡的女人，變得愈來愈漂亮，愈來愈有氣質，舉手投足愈來愈有味道，那當然是她的男人的功勞。

男人千萬不要抱怨身邊的女人愈來愈難看，她不好看，問題一定出在你身上。

身为男朋友的，你必须要懂女友要的是...

2009-12-02T21:51:00.001-08:00

* 女人要的男人通常都不懂 *

女人要的是　過馬路你牽著她的手　(不是一直摟著腰)

女人要的是　人群多的時候你的保護 (不是護胸部)

女人要的是　逛街時彼此分享的愉悅不是心不甘情不願的拿東西

女人要的是　不是權力下的奢華生活而是簡單自在的兩人世界

女人要的是　追求幸福而不是短暫刺激

女人要的是　給她微笑而不是抱怨

女人要的是　若是抱怨也要彼此體諒

女人要的是　體諒完能互相說出想法溝通

女人要的是　溝通後坦然的答案　而不是吵到最後的安慰

女人要的是　吵完後的結論不是打完巴掌以後說對不起

女人要的是　快樂的時候能有個人分享

女人要的是　讓你第一個知道她的快樂

女人要的是　嘔氣的時候聽到你說沒事了寶貝

女人要的是　哭泣的時候挺出肩膀讓她靠

女人要的是　哭完以後你口袋的面紙 (衣服也可)

女人要的是　出去不一定要你出錢但是一定要勾著你手

女人要的是　可以不用想太多行程因為你就是她的旅行

女人要的是　你可以試著了解但是不要漠不關心

女人要的是　給你全部但不是要你佔有

女人要的是　即使耍小脾氣你也願意裝可憐

女人要的是　再帥的樣子不如細心的體貼

女人要的是　滿漢大餐不如靠在一起吃小火鍋

女人要的是　爭吵的時候你退一步即使是她的錯

女人要的是　即使是她的錯你也能體諒她的任性

女人要的是　雖然任性你也能勸勸她管管她

女人要的是　不絕對的自由但是彼此能呼吸的空間

女人要的是　五十通電話不如靠在你胸膛

女人要的是　一百封簡訊不如摸摸她的頭

女人要的是　情書裡的甜蜜不是敷衍的情話

女人要的是　感覺遠比身體接觸來的重要

女人要的是　安靜的時候陪她享受安靜

女人要的是　玩鬧的時候和她一起玩鬧

女人要的是　大男人不帥　酷男人不屌

　　　　　　笨男人不優　真心男人才可靠

女人要的是　多一點誠懇　少一點欺騙

　　　　　　多一點溫柔　少一點計較

女人要的是　少一點個性　多一點想法

　　　　　　少一點霸道　多一點關心

女人要的是　被人欺負的時候你站在前面(打贏的情況)

女人要的是　你被欺負以後她陪在你旁邊(打輸的情況)

女人要的是　在多委屈你都能包容

女人要的是　你有委屈她都想知道

女人要的是　即使幫不了你她仍然很在乎

女人要的是　即使你幫不了也希望你在乎

女人要的是　親吻完的眼神不是想後面還能做什麼

女人要的是　一起淋雨的幸福

　　　　　　不是你溼答答的還說沒關係

女人要的是　聽見你心裡的聲音

　　　　　　不是一句　”我沒事”　明明就有事的表情

女人要的是　你聽見她心裡的聲音

　　　　　　不是一堆我在乎妳我好愛妳的廢話

女人要的是　靠在你身上的安全感不是拈花惹草的瀟灑

女人要的是　你可以不是萬人迷但是你是她心裡的唯一

女人要的是　如果你是萬人迷你的心中也要把她當唯一

女人要的是　安全感不是保險桿

　　　　　　(所以你可以不用炫耀車子)

女人要的是　心靈感不是性感

　　　　　　(所以你可以不要在看胸部了)

女人要的是　簡簡單單的幸福不是轟轟烈烈的愛情

女人要的是　轟轟烈烈的感情不是敷衍敷衍的熱情

女人要的是　你可以乖可是不可以懦弱

女人要的是　你可以壞可是不可以放縱

女人要的是　你可以傻可是不可以癡呆

女人要的是　你可以兇可是不可以暴力

女人要的是　你可以色可是不可以變態

女人要的是　你可以笨可是不可以白目

人啊

2009-12-02T21:47:00.002-08:00

人啊！

沒錢的時候，養豬；
有錢的時候，養狗。

沒錢的時候，在家裡吃野菜；
有錢的時候，在酒店吃野菜。
javascript:void(0)
沒錢的時候，在馬路上騎自行車；
有錢的時候，在客廳裡騎自行車。

沒錢的時候想結婚；
有錢的時候想離婚。

沒錢的時候老婆兼秘書；
有錢的時候秘書兼老婆。

沒錢的時候假裝有錢；
有錢的時候假裝沒錢。

人啊，都不講實話：

說股票是毒品，都在玩；
說金錢是罪惡，都在撈；

說美女是禍水，都想要；
說高處不勝寒，都在爬；

說煙酒傷身體，就不戒；
說天堂最美好，都不去!!!

當今社會，窮吃肉，富吃蝦，領導幹部吃王八；
男想高，女想瘦，狗穿衣裳人露肉；

過去把第一次留給丈夫；
現在把第一胎留給丈夫。

鄉下早晨雞叫人，
城裡晚上人叫雞；

舊社會戲子賣藝不賣身，
新社會演員賣身不賣藝。

人生是什麼?
只用了 4 4 個字 , 就把人生講完了 ...
所以人與人 , 有啥好計較的咧 ?
快樂好相處比較重要啦！

1 歲時出場亮相
10 歲時功課至上
20 歲時春心盪漾
30 歲時職場對抗
40 歲時身材發胖
50 歲時打打麻將
60 歲時老當益壯
70 歲時常常健忘
80 歲時搖搖晃晃
90 歲時迷失方向
100 歲時掛在牆上

祝大家愉快，好好做人

這條短信，真的很好

2009-12-02T21:47:00.001-08:00

錢多錢少，够吃就好。
人醜人美，顺眼就好。
人老人少，健康就好。

家窮家富，和氣就好。
老公晚歸，回來就好。
老婆唠叨，顧家就好。
孩子從小，就要教好。
博士也好，賣菜也好。
長大以后，乖乖就好。
房屋大小，能住就好。
名不名牌，能穿就好。
兩輪四輪，能駕就好。

老板不好，能忍就好。
一切烦惱，能解就好。
堅持執着，放下最好。

人的一生，平安就好。
不是有錢，一定會好。
心好行好，命能改好。

誰是誰非，天知就好。
修福修慧，來世更好。
天地萬物，隨缘就好。

很多事情，看開就好。
人人都好，日日都好。
你好我好，世界更好。

總而言之，知足最好。
説這麼多，明白就好。
這條短信，真的很好。
不發给你，是我不好。

可以給你老公看,以後你也可以跟你兒子這麼說 .. .....　（寫的真好）

2009-12-02T21:46:00.001-08:00

曾在廣播裡听到 ,當孩子頂嘴甚至步入叛逆期時的因應之道
做媽媽的總是嘮叨 ,有一次已經高中的兒子不耐煩的頂撞了母親 , 母親氣得半死。
做父親的便約兒子一起出門散步。兩人走了好久 , 父親一路上不發一語 , 兒子納悶。一直到要進家門口時 , 父親拍拍兒子的肩膀, 以男人對男人的語氣說 :
『等一下進去時 , 給我女人一點面子 !』
兒子驚讶於老爸用哥兒們的語氣對他說話 ,並因男人跟男人之間的義氣 , 從此對母親畢恭畢敬的。
所以 , 有的時候 , 父親這個角色還是頗重要的 !
當我的小孩頂撞我時，我想告訴他，下列的事任選一樣，做到後，才有頂撞的權利：
1. 連續3 個月每吃完一餐就須催吐 (孕吐)
2. 乳頭被別人吸到破皮達一個月 (餵奶)
3. 肚子塞一顆籃球達 10 個月 ( 懷孕)
4. 接受皮鞭抽打達 48 小時 (生小孩)
5. 10 個月不能喝冰水、咖啡、茶
6. 5個月睡覺不能翻身
7. 10 個月不能出遊遠行，不能跑跳
8. 10個月不能生病，要不，生病不能吃藥
9. 至育嬰室把屎把尿一個月
10. 晚上睡覺每二個小時起床一次，清醒30 分鐘達一個月
寫完上述
10 項，我覺得當娘的真不是人幹的。
想起一個高中同學他說：有一次頂撞母親，父親把他從椅子上踹下來，斥責他:javascript:void(0)
你媽是我捧在手心的寶，我呵護她，照顧她，對她輕聲細語，你憑什麼對他大小聲!!!
我的同學再也不敢頂撞母親了。

~好感動，尤其是最後一句是經典。
男人們丫，如果你們真的愛、疼你老婆（女朋友）記得這句話就夠了！
老婆是拿來疼的，所以千錯萬錯都是自己的錯，不服氣嗎？誰叫你當初追人家。
當媽的如果听到老公這麼說，應該會很高興吧！男人要學著點...

嘻嘻

2009-12-02T21:43:00.000-08:00

1月14日日记情人节 Diary Day
新的一年，在日记中把对喜欢的人的表白和计划写出，在心中撒下爱的种子。

2月14日传统情人节 Valentine's Day
据西方传统，喜欢他就送他巧克力，行动要快噢。因为他不止只会收到你的巧克力。

3月14日白色情人节 White Day
他喜欢你吗？还是他只喜欢吃巧克力？送出巧克力一个月后，女生就能收到同样喜欢自己的男生送的白色糖果。吃颗糖果感觉真甜蜜。

4月14日糖果情人节 Candy Day
爱情开始萌芽，患得患失的心情就像吃着柠檬口味的糖果般又酸又甜。

5月14日玫瑰情人节 Rose Day
在一起一段时间了，他是真的爱你吗？他是你寻找的另一半吗？表白一下吧！不好意思？没关系！只在今天买玫瑰给对方就ok啦！
白色：一般朋友黄色：知己红色：爱人
你一定会送红色的。

6月14日亲亲情人节 Kiss Day
你也收到他的红玫瑰了？我闪人！因为你们马上要kiss了！今天看到别人在kiss?不用回避，因为今天是Kiss Day。

7月14日银色情人节 Silver Day
传统习俗是用银戒订婚。今天你们去买一对戴在手上，作为甜蜜心情的见证。

8月14日绿色情人节
相爱的人们成双成对地去郊游，爬山游水感受自然，就像他们要携手走过爱情一样。

9月14日相片情人节 Music and Photo Day
练久的情歌今天终于登场了，虽然五音不全，但用心听会有会心的笑容。用相机拍下这灿烂又充满甜蜜的笑容吧！

10月14日葡萄酒情人节 Wine Day
烛光下晃动着深红色的葡萄酒，爱情也一样要用心慢慢地品味。

11月14日电影情人节 Orange and Movie Day
今晚有空吗？一起去看场电影吧！手牵手一起去电影院，记得买橙汁噢！

12月14日拥抱情人节 Hug Day
一年了，你们仍然相爱，你看天空闪烁着星星，而你们相拥在一起，希望永远停留在这一刻。。。。。。

Beauty of Mathematics

2009-12-02T21:40:00.000-08:00

Absolutely amazing!

1 x 8 + 1 = 9
12 x 8 + 2 = 98
123 x 8 + 3 = 987
1234 x 8 + 4 = 9876
12345 x 8 + 5 = 98765
123456 x 8 + 6 = 987654
1234567 x 8 + 7 = 9876543
12345678 x 8 + 8 = 98765432
123456789 x 8 + 9 = 987654321

1 x 9 + 2 = 11
12 x 9 + 3 = 111
123 x 9 + 4 = 1111
1234 x 9 + 5 = 11111
12345 x 9 + 6 = 111111
123456 x 9 + 7 = 1111111
1234567 x 9 + 8 = 11111111
12345678 x 9 + 9 = 111111111
123456789 x 9 +10= 1111111111

9 x 9 + 7 = 88
98 x 9 + 6 = 888
987 x 9 + 5 = 8888
9876 x 9 + 4 = 88888
98765 x 9 + 3 = 888888
987654 x 9 + 2 = 8888888
9876543 x 9 + 1 = 88888888
98765432 x 9 + 0 = 888888888

Brilliant, isn't it?

And look at this symmetry:

1 x 1 = 1
11 x 11 = 121
111 x 111 = 12321
11! 11 x 1111 = 1234321
11111 x 11111 = 123454321
111111 x 111111 = 12345654321
1111111 x 1111111 = 1234567654321
11111111 x 11111111 = 123456787654321
111111111 x 111111111 = 12345678987654321

Now, take a look at this...

101%

From a strictly mathematical viewpoint:

What Equals 100%?
What does it mean to give MORE than 100%?

Ever wonder about those people who say they are giving more than 100%?

We have all been in situations where someone wants you to
GIVE OVER 100%.

How about ACHIEVING 101%?

What equals 100% in life?

Here's a little mathematical formula that might help
answer these questions:

If:

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

Is represented as:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26.

If:

H-A-R-D-W-O- R- K

8+1+18+4+2! 3+ 15+18+11 = 98%

And:

K-N-O-W-L-E- D-G-E

11+14+15+23+ 12+5+4+7+ 5 = 96%

But:

A-T-T-I-T-U- D-E

1+20+20+9+20+ 21+4+5 = 100%

THEN, look how far the love of God will take you:

L-O-V-E-O-F- G-O-D

12+15+22+5+15+ 6+7+15+4 = 101%

Therefore, one can conclude with mathematical certainty that:

While Hard Work and Knowledge will get you close, and Attitude will
get you there, It's the Love of God that will put you over the top!

Pls share this with your friends & loved ones just
the way I did..

Have a nice day & God bless!!

What is marketing

2009-12-02T21:39:00.001-08:00

1. You see a gorgeous girl at a party. You go up to her and say: ' I am very rich. Marry me! ' - That's Direct Marketing'

2. You're at a party with a bunch of friends and see a gorgeous girl. One of your friends goes up to her and pointing at you says: ' He's very rich. 'Marry him.' -That's Advertising'

3. You see a gorgeous girl at a party. You go up to her and get her telephone number. The next day, you call and say: ' Hi, I'm very rich. 'Marry me - That's Telemarketing'

4. You're at a party and see gorgeous girl. You get up and straighten your tie, you walk up to her and pour her a
drink, you open the door (of the car)for her, pick up her bag after she drops it, offer her ride and then say:'By the way, I'm rich. Will you 'Marry Me?' - That's Public Relations'

5. You're at a party and see gorgeous girl. She walks up to you and says:'You are very rich! 'Can you marry ! Me?' - That's Brand Recognition'

6. You see a gorgeous girl at a party. You go up to her and say: 'I am very rich. Marry me!' She gives you a nice hard slap on your face. - ' That's Customer Feedback '

7. You see a gorgeous girl at a party. You go up to her and say: 'I am very rich. Marry me!' And she introduces you to her husband. - 'That's demand and supply gap'

8. You see a gorgeous girl at a party. You go up to her and before you say anything, another person come and tell her: 'I'm rich. Will you marry me?' and she goes with him - 'That's competition eating into your market share'

9. You see a gorgeous girl at a party. You go up to her and before you say: 'I'm rich, Marry me!' your wife arrives. - ' That's restriction for entering new markets '

Men's attitude

2009-12-02T21:36:00.000-08:00

Men Are Hard To Please
男人很难取悦!!

The problems with GUYS:
男人的问题是：

If u TREAT him
nicely, he says u are IN LOVE with him;
如果妳对他好，他说妳爱上他了．

If u Don't, he says u are PROUD.
对他不好，他说妳骄傲．

If u DRESS Nicely, he says u are trying to LURE him;
如果妳穿得很漂亮，他说你企图诱惑他．

If u Don't, he says u are from KAMPUNG.
如果不，他说妳是乡下来的

If u ARGUE with him, he says u are STUBBORN;
如果妳跟他理论，他说妳固执

If u keep QUIET, he says u have no BRAINS.
如果妳沉默，他说妳没大脑！

If u are SMARTER than him, he'll lose FACE;
如果妳比他聪明，他说那是小聪明

If he's Smarter than u, he is GREAT.

如果他比你聪明，他就是有智慧！

If u don't Love him, he tries to POSSESS u;
如果妳不爱他，他想拥有妳

If u Love him, he will try to LEAVE u.(very true huh?)
如果妳爱他，他试着离开妳．

If u don't make love with him., he says u don't Love him;
如果妳不跟他做爱，他说妳不爱他

If u do!! he says u are CHEAP.
如果跟他做，他说你是贱货！

If u tell him your PROBLEM, he says u are TROUBLESOME;

如果妳告诉他妳的问题，他说妳麻烦

If u don't, he says that u don't TRUST him.
如果不，他说妳不信任他

If u SCOLD him, u are like a NANNY to him;
如果妳骂他，妳好象他奶妈

If he SCOLDS u, it is because he CARES for
u.
如果他骂妳，是表示他 "关心"妳

If u BREAK your PROMISE, u Cannot be TRUSTED;
如果妳没有守承诺，妳就是不可信的人

If he BREAKS
his, he is FORCED to do so.
如果他不守承诺，他是迫不得已的

If u SMOKE, u are BAD girl;
如果妳吸烟，妳是坏女孩

If he SMOKES, he is GENTLEMAN.
如果他吸烟，他是绅士

If u do WELL in your exams, he says it's LUCK;
如果妳考试成绩好，他说是运气

If he does WELL, it's BRAINS.
如果他考得好，他说是实力！

If u HURT him, u are CRUEL;
如果妳伤害了他，表示妳很残忍

If he HURTS u, u are too SENSITIVE!!
如果他伤害了妳，表示妳太敏感而且太难取悦！

SO HARD TO PLEASE!!!!!

If u send this to guys, they will swear that it's not true.......
如果你寄这封信给男生，他们会发誓以上是不正确的．．

but if u don't they say u are selfish.....
如果你不寄给他们，他们说妳自私．．

不是每一句对不起，都能换来一句没关系。。。

2009-12-02T21:35:00.001-08:00

男孩和女孩从小就认识，男孩经常约女孩一起去村外的池塘边捉小虾，每次男孩总是满载而归，女孩却是两手空空，女孩总是失落的含着眼泪，独自一个人回到家，然后闷闷不乐。晚饭前，男孩敲响女孩家的门，女孩一见是男孩，扭头就走，男孩追上前，对女孩说：“对不起，我把你的虾都捉走了，给，我把它们养在小鱼缸里，送给你。”女孩眉头一放，慧心的笑了，就这样反复着他们纯纯的童年，转眼，他们各自成长着。
——纯纯的“对不起” 。

男孩总是喜欢戏弄女孩，经常会把女孩逗到哭，然后又去哄女孩到她笑为止，直到长大后，也是如此。
男孩经常偷偷的把女孩的自行车轮胎的气放到没有，然后躲在远处，看女孩着急的走投无路，等着女孩拨通他的手机，然后破口大骂他的小贼行为。可男孩，依旧那么喜欢这样的女孩。他窃窃的从远处走来，灰溜溜的为女孩推着那辆没了气的自行车，任由女孩在一旁发牢骚，男孩却暗自窃喜，然后委屈的对女孩说：“对不起，我知道错了。”随即，女孩便会柔弱下来，告诉男孩下次不允许那样，男孩点头，于是，那时的他们每天都充满着笑容。

—— “对不起”的快乐。

大学毕业后，男孩和女孩各自有了工作，男孩的工作总是很忙，有时一个月都休息不到一次，而女孩总是抱怨男孩冷落了她，终于，他们有了第一次的吵架。女孩委屈的哭起来，可男孩却很理直气壮的告诉女孩：“这是为了我的工作。”这场冷战持续了很久。终于，女孩还是忍不住，主动和男孩和好了。后来很多次男孩和女孩都因为这样的小事而吵得不可开交，可每次，都是女孩先妥协。
那年，女孩生日，男孩答应女孩要给他过一个浪漫的生日，女孩欣喜不已，她在家精心打扮，等着男孩回来陪她渡过这个美妙的生日，这一等就是凌晨，女孩在睡梦中醒来，脸上挂着泪痕，男孩见到女孩，心疼的为女孩擦去脸庞的泪痕：“对不起，嫁给我好吗？”于是男孩拿出一枚戒指。

—— “对不起”也是一种承诺。

婚后，男孩的事业大有成就，经常有许多应酬，而女孩已经成为一个专职太太了，每天在家为男孩准备热菜热饭，把家里收拾的干干净净，她经常会去菜场买回一些小河虾放在鱼缸里养着，男孩总问他为什么，女孩却总是慧心的一笑。
慢慢的，男孩每次回家，身上总是充满了不同的香水味道，而每次没等女孩问，男孩总是忙着解释说应酬太多。女孩黯然，那时起，女孩不太爱说话了，也不像以前那么开朗了，她总是喜欢成天的呆在家里，抱着枕头看韩剧，然后随着剧情哭泣，夜深时，就会疯狂的大哭。以后的日子里，男孩回来时，身上的香水味只有一种味道了，女孩从来不问，可是男孩依旧说：“对不起，今天又去应酬了。”

—— “对不起”，谎言的开始。

渐渐的，男孩开始不回家，或总是在外出差，男孩的事业越来越好，身边都是奉承的人，他每天都在别人的恭维下自豪的笑着，而女孩，几乎不出门了，她总会去超市买上很多方便面，和一些必要的日用品，然后把自己关在家里，这一呆就是很久。从前，女孩会经常和男孩一起聊聊天，而现在，她孤身一人，身边没有一个可以说话的人，每次打电话问男孩什么时候回家，男孩总是仓促的回答到：“对不起，我太忙了。”女孩，失落的扣上电话，那以后她再也没有问男孩什么时候会回家。

—— “对不起”，只是个敷衍的方式。

女孩学着电视上的样子，开始打扮自己，她觉得男孩不回家，也许是看腻了她，她决定不再颓废，自己的幸福应该靠自己争取，而不是无谓的后退。
那天，女孩心血来潮，按照地址去了男孩工作的地方，那是女孩第一次去，也是唯一的一次。女孩涩涩的按下电梯，来到这个男孩经常说忙的地方，她细细的观察这个公司的每个角落，这里的一切，她都觉得很好看。终于，绕过长长的办公走廊，她来到男孩的办公室，轻轻的推开门……女孩愣住了，眼前看到的不是自己的丈夫，也不是那个经常弄坏她自行车的那个贼小子，更不是那个把虾放在小鱼缸里的男孩，而是一个正在和别的女人做爱的男人。那个女人坐在桌子上，******的发出微弱的呻吟声，那个男人，仿佛山林里饿极了的野兽……
许久，男孩才发现了女孩，男孩惊慌失措，忙把衣裤捡起来穿好。可女孩，转身离开了。男孩飞奔出去，追着女孩，那晚，大雨袭击了整个城市。女孩不顾男孩的叫喊，径直往前跑，往回家的方向跑，男孩在女孩后面大喊：“对不起，我还是爱你的，对不起，我真的只爱你。”可女孩，始终没有听见。

—— 这样的“对不起”太伤人。

男孩一直都没有找到女孩，女孩失踪很久了。男孩的世界已经一片黑暗，无心工作，无心花天酒地，他想不到女孩可以去哪里，因为女孩没有朋友，她唯一的朋友就是男孩，男孩终日守着电话机，手机24小时不关机，怕错过了女孩的电话。这一等就是半年多。
快递为男孩送来一个盒子。
男孩打开一看，里面是许多河虾的标本，有的在树叶边休息，有的在水草里躲着，各式各样的河虾标本，旁边放着一封信。

“ 我始终没有勇气再见到你，可能是我太懦弱，也或许是我根本不想见到你，我想这些『警告：注意文明用语！』应该过的没什么两样吧，我很好，我学会了离开你怎么让自己存活，我懂得了怎样赚钱养活自己，而不用每天等着你回家，为你烧一桌热腾腾的饭菜，直到凉了也不见你的人，我的手机已经不用了，因为我已经不会再为你24小时的不关机，让自己饱受辐射的折磨。我懂得怎样去爱惜自己，珍惜自己的本来应该美好的生活。我想，我是可以忘记怎么去爱你的，因为你把我的爱弄得遍地麟伤。
离婚协议书，就压在鱼缸的底下，你签完字，按照地址给我寄过来就行了。
对不起，我想我是真的累了。”

男孩按照地址找去，他满心希望能够见到女孩，然后让女孩原谅，并且告诉女孩自己不能没有她，可是打开门的却是女孩的父亲，而女孩就站在她父亲的身后——是女孩的遗像。
女孩的父亲告诉男孩，女孩在写完这封信后，跳楼自杀了，血肉一片模糊。

—— 原来“对不起”也可以是种结束。

那一年，男孩疯了。

每个人在自己的生命里头，一定会遇到一个自己真正该珍惜的人。请你好好的珍惜那一个人，不是每一句的对不起，都可以换来每一句的没关系……千万不要辜负了自己心爱的人，那对谁，都不好……把这个故事传下去，让你的朋友们知道，不要随意地说出对不起......

多陪陪该珍惜的。生命诚可贵，有情价更高。感恩~by PR

看了有什麽感觸嗎?
心疼?
傷心?

一张纸

2009-12-02T21:34:00.001-08:00

主题: 一张纸

出生一张纸，开始一辈子；
毕业一张纸，奋斗一辈子；
婚姻一张纸，折磨一辈子；
做官一张纸, 斗争一辈子；
金钱一张纸，辛苦一辈子；
荣誉一张纸，虚名一辈子；
看病一张纸，痛苦一辈子；
悼词一张纸，了结一辈子；
淡化这些纸，明白一辈子；
忘了这些纸，快乐一辈子!
这周是世界好友周，如果你愿意，
请把这条信息发给你所有的。
也包括我……看有多少人会回发给你。

当大部分人都在关注你飞得高不高时，
只有少部分人关心你飞得累不累，
这就是友情。
再忙，也要照顾好自己，

朋友虽不常联系，却一直惦念。

凉时记着多穿衣！
世界好友周快乐！

少喝奶茶、不吃刚烤好的面包，
远离正在充电的电源。
白天多喝水，晚上少喝茶，
一天不喝多于两杯的咖啡。
少吃油多的食物，
最佳睡眠为晚上十点至早上六点。
晚上五点后少吃大餐，
每天喝酒不超过一杯。
不用冷水服胶囊，
睡前半小时服药忌立刻躺下。
睡眠不足八小时人会变笨，
有午睡习惯的人不易老。

剩一格时辐射是平时的一千倍。
要用左耳接电话，
< b>用右耳会直接伤害到大脑。

一个中心：一切以健康为中心。

2009新概念

两个基本点：
遇事潇洒一点，看世糊涂一点。

三个忘记：
忘记年龄，
忘记过去，
忘记恩怨。

四个拥有：
无论你有多弱或多强，一定要拥有真正爱你的人，

拥有知心的朋友，
拥有向上的事业，
拥有温暖的住所。

五个要：
要唱，
要跳，
要俏，

要笑，
要苗条。

六个不能：
不能饿了才吃，
不能渴了才喝，
不能困了才睡，
?不能累了才歇，
?不能病了才检查，
不能老了再后悔。

男人的痛女人不懂

2009-12-02T21:33:00.001-08:00

男人的痛女人不懂

※1、女人永远也不知道男人为什么要学会坚强?
因为他们自己知道.他们虽然外表坚强.但内心很脆弱.他们永远想让自己身边的她觉得自己是最棒的.

☆2、女人永远也不知道男人为什么不会轻易掉眼泪?
因为他们自己知道.他们不是不会掉眼泪.只是他明白.一但眼泪掉下来了.这段感情也就结束了.

△3、女人永远也不知道男人为什么每次在心烦的时候那么喜欢抽烟?
因为他们自己知道.只有在烟雾中才能忆起他们过去美好的时光来寻求一点心里的平衡.

◇4、女人永远也不知道男人为什么要在分手以后还会对她嘘寒问暖?
因为他们自己知道.他们并不是想跟你做朋友.只是想挽回这段曾经属于他的感情.

※5、女人永远也不知道男人为什么每次在听到她被欺负了会显得那么发狂?
因为他们自己知道.哪怕这次架打输了.躺下了.他也会觉得高兴.因为他们宁愿自己受到伤害.也不愿意看到你哭泣.

☆6、女人永远也不知道男人为什么在分手以后会夜夜买醉?
因为他们知道.如果今晚不麻醉自己.那么今晚只能在思念中度过.

※7. 女人永远也不知道男人为什么每次出门会出手那么大方?
因为他们知道.他们宁愿自己一个人省吃检用.也不愿意你看到你被别人看不起.

☆8.女人永远也不知道男人为什么会那么爱对她发脾气?
因为他们自己知道.对她发脾气并不是不爱她.只是希望她在以后的路上不被别人所欺骗.

☆9.女人永远也不知道男人为什么会那么在意你以前的男朋友?
因为他们自己知道.并不是他们不自信.只是他们害怕有一天你会离他而去.

※10.　女人永远也不知道男人为什么看到你为别人写的日记之后还会那么镇静的听你解释?
因为他们自己知道.自己并不是不想发火.只是希望能从你的口中得知到底是他重要还是别人重要?

☆11、女人永远也不知道男人为什么不对她说我爱你⒊个字?
因为他们知道.并不是不想说.只是他们自己明白.⒈万句我爱你用在身上也不够.

※12. 女人永远也不知道男人为什么会跑到这里来发贴?
因为他们知道.希望有一天这贴能被你看见.以此来证明你对他的不理解.只有他自己心里明白.这贴要是没人回的话.很快便会消失了.你更不知道一个男人的幸福生活来之不易，那是他将每一个看过的贴子都顶了的缘故。

(如果你不能为你心爱的女人穿上嫁衣，请停下你解她衣扣的手)
朋友，如果你想拥有我这样的幸福，如果你想跟那个使你幸福的人白头偕老，顶一下，幸福不久就将降临哦``````
当你们看到这贴时心里最想的那个人也就是你们最爱的那个人

體會

2009-12-02T21:30:00.000-08:00

體會

【 PART 1 】

從前從前有一個尼姑跟一個屠夫是好朋友，尼姑天天早上要起來念經，而屠夫天天要起來殺豬。

為了不耽誤他們早上的工作，於是他們約定互相叫對方起床，多年以後....尼姑與屠夫相繼去逝了屠夫上了天堂，而尼姑卻下地獄去了 !!

why??

因為屠夫天天作善事 , 叫尼姑起來念經相反地 , 尼姑天天叫屠夫起來殺生意外吧 ....

想想這則故事所得到的啟示吧 .....

『你做的東西是不是都是你認為對的，卻不一定是對的？？』

【PART 2 】

下了一場非常大的雨，洪水開始淹沒城市，一個神父在教堂裡祈禱，眼看洪水已經淹到他的身體了，突然一個救生員駕著小艇跟神父說：神父 .... 快！快上來！不然洪水會| 把你淹死的！！」

神父說：「不！我要守著我的殿堂！我深信上帝會來救我的！！」

過了不久，洪水已經淹過神父頭了，神父只好勉強站在桌子上。這時又一個警察開著小艇跟神父說：「神父！快！快上來！不然洪水會把你淹死的！」

神父說：「不！我要守著我的殿堂！我深信上帝會來救我的！！」

又過了一會兒，洪水已經把教堂淹沒了，神父只好抓著教堂頂端的十字架。

一架直昇機緩緩飛過來，丟下繩梯之後，飛行員大叫：「神父！快！快上來！不然洪水會把你淹死的！！」

神父還是意志很堅定的說：「不！我深信上帝會來救我的！」

最後，神父就被淹死了 ....

神父上了天堂後，見了上帝就很生氣的問：「你是怎麼搞的呀？這樣你的子民還會相信你嗎？」

上帝說：「你到底想怎麼樣嘛？我已經派了兩艘小艇和一架直昇機去救你了，難道你要航空母艦才坐呀？」 ...........

文中神父堅信上帝會拯救他，他期待神蹟....

後來我們知道上帝是要救他的，只是所用的方式不一樣.....

是不是我們常常用自己的價值觀硬套在別人身上，我們希望對方這麼做，我們要求對方那麼做....

或者應該說我們以為對方應該怎麼做，卻沒體會到對方。

其實都在做了，對方都有在付出，只是表達的方式不一樣，也因為彼此的行為模式不同，造成雙方的誤解。

『人生‧不是得到…就是學到！』

我喜歡這句話，很健康的人生觀：

您不是得到一份圓滿的因緣；就是學到怎樣更靠近幸福。

您不是得到勝利；就是學到如何避免失敗。

您不是得到最終自己想要的結果；
就是學到…世事總不會盡如人意。

緣分是………會計原則愛情是………無形資產
愛人是………應付帳款想他是………日記簿
吵架是………壞帳暗戀是………收不回的呆帳
錯愛是………高估淨利分手是………結帳分錄
寂寞是………累計折舊誤會是………錯誤分錄
解釋是………更正分錄復合是………回轉分錄
眼淚是………業主權益人情是………流動資產
回憶是………損益彙總

《 ~'心'~ 不是固定資產！》
～想必學過會計的人～．．．都覺得這篇寫的真好吧！
尤其是… 《 ~'心'~不是固定資產！》
《不是得到…就是學到！》

這樣的人生… 沒有什麼好失去和非得要斤斤計較的

嫁你是我一生的賭注，我怎麼舍得讓你輸！

2009-12-02T21:28:00.000-08:00

嫁你是我一生的賭注，我怎麼舍得讓你輸！

兩個人每天面對面上班。她有時候會看著他走神兒。他有張好看而略微頹廢的臉，看得多了，他會注意到她，便總是衝著她笑。她低下頭，臉突然就紅了。很快，週圍的同事也窺測出她的心事來，頻繁開起他倆兩個人每天面對面上班。她有時候會看著他走神兒。他有張好看而略微頹廢的臉，看得多了，他會注意到她，便總是衝著她笑。她低下頭，臉突然就紅了。很快，週圍的同事也窺測出她的心事來，頻繁開起他倆的玩笑。

一來二去，他和她竟真成了戀人。他們都到了結婚的年齡。那天一起吃飯的時候，她猶豫著，提到了婚事。當時他愣了一下，沒有作答，半天才囁嚅著說，只怕……只怕以後，你跟著我會吃苦。不怕的。她小聲說。他不再說話，輕輕嘆了口氣，在她看來，他算是答應了。

回到家，她把兩人的事告訴父母，遭到強烈反對。父親和他們是一個單位的，對他的印象不好，一直就反對他們交往。理由是，他是不上進的男人，懶散，沒事業心，還跟外面社會上一些不務正業的年輕人來往，女人跟了他以後，以後絕對沒有好日子過。尤其現在，工廠效益每況愈下，有能力的人都自己出去單幹，而他還在流水線上混著，一個月只有幾百塊錢。這樣的男人，沒前途的。

不僅父母，當初開他們玩笑的同事中，和她關系走的近的，也反對她嫁他，理由和父母一樣，說這樣的男人喜歡可以，絕對不能當丈夫。她卻鐵了心一般，不管誰勸，就是一句話：我就要跟他。父母失望至極，母親衝她嚷：你這是拿自己的幸福做賭注！她抬起頭，斬釘截鐵：就算是賭博，就算會輸，我也認了。所有人的阻止都無濟于事，24歲，她嫁他為妻。租了套小房子，從家裡搬了出去。這也似乎更證明了大家的猜測，他是她本命年的劫。

可事實卻出乎所有人的意料，結婚後的他像換了個人似的，分外刻苦努力起來。他先是離開半死不活的廠子，斷了外面那幫亂七八糟的朋友，去一家私企跑起業務。開始時沒底薪，他又是外行，不知道走了多少彎路，費了多少心思，總算艱難的在那家公司站住了腳。那一年，她看著他變得又黑又瘦，大夏天頂著太陽走在快被曬化的柏油馬路上，汗都顧不上擦。晚上幾乎沒有在10點之前回來過，一回家，倒在床上，衣服不脫就睡著了。

一年後，他的工作走上正軌，業務提成漸漸多了起來，而她卻下崗了。索性，他不讓她再出去工作了，安心呆在家裡，等著做母親。孩子出生的時候，他做了業務經理，手裡有大把的客戶，還在業餘時間重新學了英語和日語。公司給他配了車，他們按揭買了新房，每個人都看見了他的大好前途。

這時的她，因為生孩子胖了許多，又總不出門，穿衣服隨意起來，和他站在一起，竟有種不相配的感覺。此時，當初替他擔憂過的人又開始有了新的擔憂，擔心長著一對桃花眼的男人，會在這個時候離她而去。這個年頭這樣的事，簡直就是數不勝數。

但這次，大家又看錯了他，在他人生和事業不斷攀升的日子裡，他愛她始終如一。那愛，不知比戀愛時扎實了多少倍，是貼心貼肺的呵護。從衣食住行的大事到心情喜好的小事，他面面俱到，從來沒有忽略過。從她坐月子起，每天晚上，都是他給她洗腳，這個習慣一直被他保留了下來。他從來不隱瞞對她的感情，有時同時和朋友開玩笑說：什麼都換了，現在該換老婆了吧。他搖頭，認真的說：這輩子，就是她了。她的幸福，讓所有人無話可說。其實當初她也不確定會擁有這樣的幸福，那時她只是愛這個男子，舍不得離開他。哪怕跟著他吃苦，像她說的，她認了。

那天晚上，他又給她洗腳，溫暖在水中，他一如既往，把她的腳握在掌心。她忽然笑著問：怎麼會對我這麼好？這個問題其實已經在她心裡存了很久，她甚至還想問：如何會在就婚後，變了一個人？只是覺得不妥，所以只問了這一句，半開玩笑的口吻。他依舊蹲在她的面前，握著她的腳，抬起頭來，看了她片刻，然後認真的說：因為當初，你拿了自己一生的幸福做賭注，要跟著我，你是這個世界上唯一這樣信任我的人，我怎麼舍得讓你輸。她看見，向來愛說愛笑的他，說完這句話，眼圈紅了。

作為男人，不能讓一個能把自己終身幸福都押在你身上的女人輸，因為你輸不起，愛你的那個女人更輸不起!!

Windows Vista Ultimate

2009-12-02T20:42:00.003-08:00

The definitive choice for your business—today and tomorrow
When you want to have it all, including the ability to shift smoothly between play and productivity, there's Windows Vista Ultimate. This edition of Windows Vista offers an advanced, business-focused infrastructure, mobile productivity, and a premium home digital entertainment experience, all in a single offering.

Windows Vista Ultimate offers all of the features found in Windows Vista Home Premium, including Windows Media Center, Windows Movie Maker with high-definition support, and Windows DVD Maker. It also offers all of the features found in Windows Vista Business, including business networking, centralized management tools, and advanced system backup features. And Windows Vista Ultimate has all of the new security and data protection features that help take Windows Vista to a whole new level of dependability.

In addition, Windows Vista Ultimate includes support for all of the new mobility features in Windows Vista, including Windows Tablet and Touch Technology, Windows SideShow, Windows Mobility Center, and other new, advanced mobility features.

If you want a single PC that fulfills all of your work, travel, and entertainment needs, or if you simply want to be confident that you have the very best, Windows Vista Ultimate is the no-compromise edition for you.

Note: If your system features a 64-bit processor, you can take advantage of its advanced design in this edition of Windows Vista.
The most complete edition of Windows Vista—with the power, security, and mobility features that you need for work, and all of the entertainment features that you want for fun When you want to have it all, including the ability to shift smoothly between the worlds of play and productivity, there's Windows Vista Ultimate. You'll never have to worry about having the most advanced capabilities—they're all here. This edition of Windows Vista offers an advanced, business-focused infrastructure, mobile productivity, and a premium home digital entertainment experience, all in a single offering.

Specifically, Windows Vista Ultimate offers all of the features found in Windows Vista Home Premium, including Windows Media Center, Windows Movie Maker with high-definition support, and Windows DVD Maker. It also offers all of the features found in Windows Vista Business, including business networking, centralized management tools, and advanced system backup features. And Windows Vista Ultimate has all of the new security and data protection features that help take Windows Vista to a whole new level of dependability.

In addition, Windows Vista Ultimate includes support for all of the new mobility features in Windows Vista, including Windows Tablet and Touch Technology, Windows SideShow, Windows Mobility Center, and other new, advanced mobility features.

Exclusive to Windows Vista Ultimate are Windows Ultimate Extras. Windows Ultimate Extras are add-ons that extend certain capabilities of your operating system or just make using your PC more fun. Windows Ultimate Extras currently available include:

Windows DreamScene, an Extra that enables you to use looped, full-motion video as your desktop wallpaper instead of a static image

Windows Hold’em, a poker game for players of all skill levels

Language packs for Windows multi-language interface, where users can install and use multiple languages on a single PC. Great for multi-lingual households or if you are learning a new language.

Secure Online Key Backup, where Ultimate users can store their BitLocker recovery password and Encrypting File System certificate on Windows Marketplace’s Digital Locker website for access to the key anytime, anyplace, and from any computer that has an Internet connection

BitLocker Drive Preparation Tool, an automated tool which removes the complexity of setting up your PC to use this exclusive data security feature.

Whenever a new Windows Ultimate Extra is ready for distribution by Microsoft, you will see the Ultimate Extra control panel inform you that there are new extras to download. Simply download and install the Extras and begin enjoying these exclusive software and services that give your Windows Vista experience an extra lift!

If you want a single PC that fulfills all of your work, travel, and entertainment needs, or if you simply want to be confident that you have the very best, Windows Vista Ultimate is the no-compromise edition for you.

Extract and burn at the slowest speed your DVD burner can go.
Windows Vista Ultimate
Recommended system requirements
1 GHz 32-bit (x86) or 64-bit (x64) processor

1 GB of system memory

40 GB hard drive with at least 15 GB of available space

Support for DirectX 9 graphics with:

WDDM Driver

128 MB of graphics memory (minimum)

Pixel Shader 2.0 in hardware

32 bits per pixel

DVD-ROM drive

Audio Output

Internet access (fees may apply)

Additional requirements to use certain features
TV tuner card required for TV functionality (compatible remote control optional)

Windows Tablet and Touch Technology requires a Tablet PC or a touch screen

Windows BitLocker Drive Encryption requires a USB Flash Drive and a system with a TPM 1.2 chip

Actual requirements and product functionality may vary based on your system configuration. Windows Vista Upgrade Advisor can help you determine which features and edition of Windows Vista will run on your computer.

Windows Vista Ultimate
Minimum supported system requirements
Certain product features are not available with minimum supported requirements.

800 MHz processor and 512 MB of system memory

20 GB hard drive with at least 15 GB of available space

Support for Super VGA graphics

CD-ROM drive

http://www.microsoft.com/australia/windows/products/windowsvista/editions/ultimate/default.mspx

Windows Vista Business

2009-12-02T20:42:00.001-08:00

definitive choice for your business - today and tomorrow
Windows Vista Business is the first Windows operating system designed specifically to meet the needs of small businesses. You can help your business to work more efficiently with the improved, simple-to-use interface, which helps you find the information you need quickly and easily, on a PC or on the Web. With powerful new safety features, you're in control and can protect the key information that is important to your business and that builds the trust of your customers.

And, for growing businesses, the mobile computing enhancements make it easy to stay connected, both in and out of the office. Windows Vista Business can help you spend less time on technology support-related issues - so you can spend more time making your business successful. Windows Vista Business simply makes it easy to manage how your employees connect to your network and to ensure that they get more out of their PCs, both in and out of the office. Be future-ready and lay the IT foundation that your business needs for today and tomorrow.

Note: If your system features a 64-bit processor, you can take advantage of its advanced design in this edition of Windows Vista.
This Operating system is purely designed from Genuine 32-Bit Vista Business and its dedicated for Business people, Video rippers, Audio rippers and other Pro-users. Do everything in a single click. Go where ever in the windows at the right click. In normal Vista Business Dreamscenes are not available but enjoy Royal Business with fully activated Dreamscene packs. It will be more comfortable, faster and reliable when compared to other 32-Bit vista Business operating systems.

New hot fixes, updates and the Vista SP1 package are integrated. The Dolby digital plugins are also integrated for more fun with musics. New Codings for the system files, New windows sounds, New Gadgets, New Login screen, New Default theme, new Icons, New Buttons, New Sample Musics, Registry Tweaks and more .Having problems while Video Rendereing?.Those errors are fixed in this royal business. Just install this Royal Business Edition and start your work. System files are boosted upto maximum performance. Removed Vista Loaders

* New Windows Sounds
* New Codings and scripts for high performance
* New ORB image
* UAC Disabled
* Enabled AntiSpyware Realtime Protection
* Show extensions for known file types
* Enabled IE Phishing Filter
* New Default Theme
* It supports more than 4 GB RAM
* Extra 3′rd Party themes
* Enabled Glass Effect without a supported card
* Windows will tell you exactly what it is doing when it is shutting down or is booting
* Added command prompt to right click context menu
* Enabled addition Avalon effects
* Added “Explore from here” context menu while right clicking on folders
* Disabled Tool Tips
* Enabled ClearType Tuning
* Added ‘Copy to Folder’ , ‘Move to Folder’ , ‘Open with Notepad’ to right click context
* Disabled Windows Media Player AutoUpdates
* Menu bars and window frames opaque
* Enabled slow-motion window effects
* Added “Advanced System Properties” in my Computer
* Added Control Panel to my Computer
* Faster browsing with IE
* Guy’s Search
* Take Ownership, Device manager, Group policy, Registry Editor in the right click
* Change Display Settings, Wallpaper, Screensaver, Sidebar Gadgets, Appearance, Themes, Desktop Icons Settings, DPI Scaling, Window
Colorization in a single click on the right click of desktop
* Hibernation is Disabled
* It will give full supportive for the High Definition Games
* 360 Sidebar Gadgets
* Latest Dreamescene Packs (Exclusive and Premium Packs)
* New look for Logon Screensaver
* New Look for the Login Screen
* New Icons
* Get rid of the Windows Mail splash screen
* Maximum parallel downloads for IE to 20 (Default is 2)
* New Explorer View
* Patched Uxtheme files so u can use any 3rd party themes
* Classic Control Panel
* DirectX Updated
* Open with Notepad 2008 in right Click
* Advanced Scientific Calculator for Business People and other Pro-Users
* System Files are boosted upto maximum Performance
* All Printers Drivers (Updated)
* All SCSI-RAID Drivers (Updated)
* All Scanners Drivers
* Windows Searcher 4
* Wireless Pack
* Resolved some reliability issues in the USB core components
* Added hotfix for resolving some performance and reliability issues
* Improved the reliability of Windows Media Player
* Resolved an issue where messages become stuck in the Outbox and cannot
be deleted when usingWindows Mail
* Resolved a set of known application compatibility issues
* Resolved the issue in which Microsoft Windows Search Indexer stops
working and closes
* Resolved Problems of Video and Audio Rendering
Windows Vista Business
Recommended system requirements
1 GHz 32-bit (x86) or 64-bit (x64) processor

1 GB of system memory

40 GB hard drive with at least 15 GB of available space

Support for DirectX 9 graphics with:

WDDM Driver

128 MB of graphics memory (minimum)

Pixel Shader 2.0 in hardware

32 bits per pixel

DVD-ROM drive

Audio Output

Internet access (fees may apply)

Additional requirements to use certain features
Windows Tablet and Touch Technology requires a Tablet PC or a touch screen

Actual requirements and product functionality might vary, based on your system configuration. Windows Vista Upgrade Advisor can help you determine which features and edition of Windows Vista will run on your computer.

Windows Vista Business
Minimum supported system requirements
Certain product features are not available with minimum supported requirements.

800 MHz processor and 512 MB of system memory

20 GB hard drive with at least 15 GB of available space

Support for Super VGA graphics

CD-ROM drive

http://www.microsoft.com/uk/windows/products/windowsvista/editions/business/default.mspx

Windows Vista Home Premium

2009-12-02T20:41:00.003-08:00

Windows Vista Home Premium is the edition that delivers more ease of use, security and entertainment to your PC at home and on the go
Here it is: The preferred edition of Windows for home desktop and mobile PCs. Windows Vista Home Premium delivers the productivity and entertainment that you need from your PC at home or on the go. It includes Windows Media Center, and that makes it easier to enjoy your digital photos, TV and movies, and music. Plus, you'll have the peace of mind of knowing that your PC has a whole new level of security and reliability. All together, Windows Vista Home Premium redefines enjoyment in home computing.

It starts with a breakthrough design that makes your PC easier to use every day. With Windows Aero, you'll experience dynamic reflections, smooth-gliding animations, transparent glass-like menu bars and the ability to switch between your open windows in a new three-dimensional layout. Instant desktop search capabilities and new ways to organise your information mean that you can instantly find and use the emails, documents, photos, music and other information you want.

Windows Vista Home Premium also helps keep your personal information, your PC and your family computing experience safer than in previous versions of Windows. For example, Windows Internet Explorer 7 in Windows Vista includes automated defenses against malicious software and fraudulent websites so you can use your PC online with greater confidence. Windows Vista Home Premium also provides automatic backup of your files, such as your valuable digital photos, music, movies, documents and other files, so you can relax and focus on the things you care about most. And, by using the built-in parental controls, parents can help ensure their children's computer use is appropriate and safer.

And what about fun? A major advance in Windows Vista Home Premium is the dramatically improved digital entertainment experience. Windows Media Center makes it easier to organise and enjoy photos, music, DVDs, recorded TV and home movies. Enjoy the entertainment on your PC or even on your TV in the living room with an Xbox 360 wirelessly networked to your PC¹,². Windows Vista Home Premium makes it easier to burn your photo slide shows and home movies to a professional-looking video DVD that your friends and family can watch on a DVD player or PC whenever they like. Combined with unbeatable support for gaming and music, Windows Vista Home Premium delivers a complete home entertainment experience.

If you want a PC that can keep up with you while you're on the go, then you'll appreciate how Windows Vista Home Premium helps you get the most from your mobile PC. It provides simplified power management, easier wireless networking and streamlined ways to sync with the devices that keep you connected. Because it's incredibly flexible, you can even draw and write by hand on a Tablet PC, and enjoy all of your entertainment through Windows Media Center when you're on the road, in a coffee shop or relaxing on the couch. Mobile computing has never been like this before.

Finally, Windows Vista Home Premium makes it easier than ever to set up and maintain your new PC. There are new features that make it easier to transfer all of your data and settings from your old PC to your new one and technology that helps keep your system running quickly and reliably.

Whether you're balancing your chequebook, studying for school on your mobile PC, watching a downloaded or recorded movie at home, or sharing your favourite photos with friends on a custom DVD, the experience is much better on a PC running Windows Vista Home Premium.

Note: If your system features a 64-bit processor, you can take advantage of its advanced design in this edition of Windows Vista.
Here it is: the preferred edition of Windows for home desktop and mobile PCs. Windows Vista Home Premium delivers the productivity and entertainment that you need from your PC at home or on the go. It includes Windows Media Center, which helps you more easily enjoy your digital photos, TV, movies, and music. Plus, you’ll have the peace of mind of knowing that your PC has a whole new level of security and reliability. All together, Windows Vista Home Premium redefines enjoyment in home computing.

It starts with a breakthrough design that makes your PC easier to use every day. With Windows Aero, you’ll experience dynamic reflections, smooth gliding animations, transparent glass-like menu bars, and the ability to switch between your open windows in a new three-dimensional layout. Instant desktop search capabilities, coupled with powerful new ways to organize and visualize your information, means you can instantly find and use the e-mails, documents, photos, music, and the other information you want, when you need it.

Windows Vista Home Premium
Recommended system requirements
1 GHz 32-bit (x86) or 64-bit (x64) processor

1 GB of system memory

40 GB hard drive with at least 15 GB of available space

Support for DirectX 9 graphics with:

WDDM Driver

128 MB of graphics memory (minimum)

Pixel Shader 2.0 in hardware

32 bits per pixel

DVD-ROM drive

Audio Output

Internet access (fees may apply)

Additional requirements to use certain features
TV tuner card required for TV functionality (compatible remote control optional)

Windows Tablet and Touch Technology requires a Tablet PC or a touch screen

Actual requirements and product functionality may vary based on your system configuration. Windows Vista Upgrade Advisor can help you determine which features and edition of Windows Vista will run on your computer.

Windows Vista Home Premium
Minimum supported requirements
Certain product features are not available with minimum supported requirements.

800 MHz processor and 512 MB of system memory

20 GB hard drive with at least 15 GB of available space

Support for Super VGA graphics

CD-ROM drive

Get genuine Windows
The confidence, capabilities and continuous improvements you expect and deserve from your PC are only available with a genuine copy of Windows Vista.

Windows Anytime Upgrade
When you’re ready for more, Windows Anytime Upgrade is a convenient and affordable way to enhance your Windows Vista experience.

Look for the logo
To help ensure that you have a great experience with Windows Vista, be sure to look for hardware and software featuring a Windows Vista logo.

Windows Experience Index
The Windows Experience Index will help you understand how well Windows Vista will perform on your PC and help make the buying process of new PCs, hardware upgrades and software easier.

http://www.microsoft.com/uk/windows/products/windowsvista/editions/homepremium/default.mspx

Windows Vista Home Basic

2009-12-02T20:41:00.001-08:00

Ideal for the basics of home computing
Windows Vista Home Basic is the edition of Windows for basic home computing needs. If you only want to use your PC for tasks like browsing the Internet, using email or viewing photos, then Windows Vista Home Basic may be the right edition for you. While it won't provide as many benefits as Windows Vista Home Premium, it will help you use your PC more easily and more safely than you could with Windows XP.

The first thing you'll notice about Windows Vista Home Basic is how easy it is to find the programs and files you're looking for. The instant desktop search feature looks at all of your documents, emails, photos, and other files and organises the results in the way that you want to view them. When paired with the built-in web search of Windows Internet Explorer 7 in Windows Vista, you'll spend less time looking for the things that you need and more time on the activities that you care about.

With automatic defenses against malicious software and fraudulent websites, Windows Vista Home Basic enables you and your family to use your computer with greater confidence. In addition, parents can use built-in controls to help ensure their children's computer use is protected and appropriate.

Windows Vista Home Basic makes it easier than ever to set up your new PC, with features that easily transfer all of your data and settings from your old PC to your new one. Furthermore, you can have peace of mind for years to come with technology that keeps your system running quickly and reliably over time.

Simply put, Windows Vista Home Basic provides you with just the essentials you need for home computing.

Note: If your system features a 64-bit processor, you can take advantage of its advanced design in this edition of Windows Vista.

User-friendly software features search and organize innovations as well as improved networking opportunities Designed for users with the most basic computer needs
Helps people use their PCs securely and reliably, makes it simple to stay better connected, and is compatible with the widest range of software, devices, and services that people use and trust every day
Rich new interface, innovative ways to organize and find the information stored on your PC, and a multitude of entertainment options with live and recorded TV on your PC
Provides the essential tools and technologies to help protect you whether you are browsing the Internet, connecting to a wireless network, or just reading e-mail
Windows Vista Home Basic
Recommended system requirements
1 GHz 32-bit (x86) or 64-bit (x64) processor

512 MB of system memory

20 GB hard drive with at least 15 GB of available space

Support for DirectX 9 graphics and 32 MB of graphics memory

DVD-ROM drive

Audio Output

Internet access (fees may apply)

Actual requirements and product functionality may vary based on your system configuration. Windows Vista Upgrade Advisor can help you determine which features and edition of Windows Vista will run on your computer.

Windows Vista Home Basic
Minimum supported requirements
Certain product features are not available with minimum supported requirements.

800 MHz processor and 512 MB of system memory

20 GB hard drive with at least 15 GB of available space

Support for Super VGA graphics

CD-ROM drive

http://www.microsoft.com/uk/windows/products/windowsvista/editions/homebasic/default.mspx

Windows XP Service Pack 3 (SP3)

2009-12-02T20:40:00.000-08:00

Windows XP Service Pack 3 (SP3) build 5512 was released to manufacturing on
April 21, 2008, and Microsoft planned to make it available to the general
public on April 29, 2008 via Windows Update and the Microsoft Download Center.
However, due to a compatibility issue with Microsoft Dynamics Retail
Management System, the release of Windows XP Service Pack 3 was delayed.
A feature set overview has been posted by Microsoft and details new features
available separately as standalone updates to Windows XP, as well as features
backported from Windows Vista, such as black hole router detection, Network
Access Protection, and Windows Imaging Component. Microsoft is reporting that
over 1,000 fixes have been packed into SP3 along with some performance
improvements as well. Internet Explorer 7 is not included as part of SP3.

New features :

- Black hole router detection
- Network Access Protection
- Credentials security service provider
- Descriptive security options control panel
- Enhanced security for Administrator and Service policy entries
- Microsoft Kernel Mode Cryptographic Module
- Installing without needing a Product Key during Setup

A full list of new and integrated features is available on the Microsoft web
site.

With the release of SP3, retail and OEM versions of Windows XP with service
pack 3 slipstreamed into them can be installed and run with full functionality
for 30 days without a product key, after which time the user will be prompted
to enter a valid key and activate the installation. Volume license versions
still require entering a product key.

Microsoft noted SP3 can be installed on systems with Internet Explorer version
6 as well as version 7; and similarly Windows Media Player 9 Series or Windows
Media Player versions 10 or 11. Although service packs have, until now,
been cumulative, installing Windows XP Service Pack 3 requires that the PC must
at least be running Windows XP with Service Pack 1 installed. However, it is
possible to slipstream SP3 into the Windows XP setup files at any service pack
level including the original RTM version without any errors or issues.
Slipstreaming into Windows XP Media Center Edition 2005 is not supported.
SP3 does contain operating system component updates for Windows XP Media Center
Edition and for Windows XP Tablet PC Edition including security updates for .NET
Framework versions 1.0 and 1.1 which are included in these Windows XP SKUs.
However it does not include update rollups for the Windows Media Center app. in
Windows XP Media Center Edition 2005. It also omits Windows Media Player 10
security updates although Windows Media Player 10 is included in Windows XP
Media Center Edition 2005.

There are a total of 1,073 fixes in Service Pack 3.

The Service Pack 3 RTM is integrated by Microsoft itself.

keyboard shortcuts

2009-12-01T20:59:00.001-08:00

General keyboard shortcuts
• CTRL+C (Copy)
• CTRL+X (Cut)
• CTRL+V (Paste)
• CTRL+Z (Undo)
• DELETE (Delete)
• SHIFT+DELETE (Delete the selected item permanently without placing the item in the Recycle Bin)
• CTRL while dragging an item (Copy the selected item)
• CTRL+SHIFT while dragging an item (Create a shortcut to the selected item)
• F2 key (Rename the selected item)
• CTRL+RIGHT ARROW (Move the insertion point to the beginning of the next word)
• CTRL+LEFT ARROW (Move the insertion point to the beginning of the previous word)
• CTRL+DOWN ARROW (Move the insertion point to the beginning of the next paragraph)
• CTRL+UP ARROW (Move the insertion point to the beginning of the previous paragraph)
• CTRL+SHIFT with any of the arrow keys (Highlight a block of text)
• SHIFT with any of the arrow keys (Select more than one item in a window or on the desktop, or select text in a document)
• CTRL+A (Select all)
• F3 key (Search for a file or a folder)
• ALT+ENTER (View the properties for the selected item)
• ALT+F4 (Close the active item, or quit the active program)
• ALT+ENTER (Display the properties of the selected object)
• ALT+SPACEBAR (Open the shortcut menu for the active window)
• CTRL+F4 (Close the active document in programs that enable you to have multiple documents open simultaneously)
• ALT+TAB (Switch between the open items)
• ALT+ESC (Cycle through items in the order that they had been opened)
• F6 key (Cycle through the screen elements in a window or on the desktop)
• F4 key (Display the Address bar list in My Computer or Windows Explorer)
• SHIFT+F10 (Display the shortcut menu for the selected item)
• ALT+SPACEBAR (Display the System menu for the active window)
• CTRL+ESC (Display the Start menu)
• ALT+Underlined letter in a menu name (Display the corresponding menu)
• Underlined letter in a command name on an open menu (Perform the corresponding command)
• F10 key (Activate the menu bar in the active program)
• RIGHT ARROW (Open the next menu to the right, or open a submenu)
• LEFT ARROW (Open the next menu to the left, or close a submenu)
• F5 key (Update the active window)
• BACKSPACE (View the folder one level up in My Computer or Windows Explorer)
• ESC (Cancel the current task)
• SHIFT when you insert a CD-ROM into the CD-ROM drive (Prevent the CD-ROM from automatically playing)
• CTRL+SHIFT+ESC (Open Task Manager)

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Dialog box keyboard shortcuts
If you press SHIFT+F8 in extended selection list boxes, you enable extended selection mode. In this mode, you can use an arrow key to move a cursor without changing the selection. You can press CTRL+SPACEBAR or SHIFT+SPACEBAR to adjust the selection. To cancel extended selection mode, press SHIFT+F8 again. Extended selection mode cancels itself when you move the focus to another control.• CTRL+TAB (Move forward through the tabs)
• CTRL+SHIFT+TAB (Move backward through the tabs)
• TAB (Move forward through the options)
• SHIFT+TAB (Move backward through the options)
• ALT+Underlined letter (Perform the corresponding command or select the corresponding option)
• ENTER (Perform the command for the active option or button)
• SPACEBAR (Select or clear the check box if the active option is a check box)
• Arrow keys (Select a button if the active option is a group of option buttons)
• F1 key (Display Help)
• F4 key (Display the items in the active list)
• BACKSPACE (Open a folder one level up if a folder is selected in the Save As or Open dialog box)

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Microsoft natural keyboard shortcuts
• Windows Logo (Display or hide the Start menu)
• Windows Logo+BREAK (Display the System Properties dialog box)
• Windows Logo+D (Display the desktop)
• Windows Logo+M (Minimize all of the windows)
• Windows Logo+SHIFT+M (Restore the minimized windows)
• Windows Logo+E (Open My Computer)
• Windows Logo+F (Search for a file or a folder)
• CTRL+Windows Logo+F (Search for computers)
• Windows Logo+F1 (Display Windows Help)
• Windows Logo+ L (Lock the keyboard)
• Windows Logo+R (Open the Run dialog box)
• Windows Logo+U (Open Utility Manager)

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Accessibility keyboard shortcuts
• Right SHIFT for eight seconds (Switch FilterKeys either on or off)
• Left ALT+left SHIFT+PRINT SCREEN (Switch High Contrast either on or off)
• Left ALT+left SHIFT+NUM LOCK (Switch the MouseKeys either on or off)
• SHIFT five times (Switch the StickyKeys either on or off)
• NUM LOCK for five seconds (Switch the ToggleKeys either on or off)
• Windows Logo +U (Open Utility Manager)

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Windows Explorer keyboard shortcuts
• END (Display the bottom of the active window)
• HOME (Display the top of the active window)
• NUM LOCK+Asterisk sign (*) (Display all of the subfolders that are under the selected folder)
• NUM LOCK+Plus sign (+) (Display the contents of the selected folder)
• NUM LOCK+Minus sign (-) (Collapse the selected folder)
• LEFT ARROW (Collapse the current selection if it is expanded, or select the parent folder)
• RIGHT ARROW (Display the current selection if it is collapsed, or select the first subfolder)

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Shortcut keys for Character Map
After you double-click a character on the grid of characters, you can move through the grid by using the keyboard shortcuts: • RIGHT ARROW (Move to the right or to the beginning of the next line)
• LEFT ARROW (Move to the left or to the end of the previous line)
• UP ARROW (Move up one row)
• DOWN ARROW (Move down one row)
• PAGE UP (Move up one screen at a time)
• PAGE DOWN (Move down one screen at a time)
• HOME (Move to the beginning of the line)
• END (Move to the end of the line)
• CTRL+HOME (Move to the first character)
• CTRL+END (Move to the last character)
• SPACEBAR (Switch between Enlarged and Normal mode when a character is selected)

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Microsoft Management Console (MMC) main window keyboard shortcuts
• CTRL+O (Open a saved console)
• CTRL+N (Open a new console)
• CTRL+S (Save the open console)
• CTRL+M (Add or remove a console item)
• CTRL+W (Open a new window)
• F5 key (Update the content of all console windows)
• ALT+SPACEBAR (Display the MMC window menu)
• ALT+F4 (Close the console)
• ALT+A (Display the Action menu)
• ALT+V (Display the View menu)
• ALT+F (Display the File menu)
• ALT+O (Display the Favorites menu)

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MMC console window keyboard shortcuts
• CTRL+P (Print the current page or active pane)
• ALT+Minus sign (-) (Display the window menu for the active console window)
• SHIFT+F10 (Display the Action shortcut menu for the selected item)
• F1 key (Open the Help topic, if any, for the selected item)
• F5 key (Update the content of all console windows)
• CTRL+F10 (Maximize the active console window)
• CTRL+F5 (Restore the active console window)
• ALT+ENTER (Display the Properties dialog box, if any, for the selected item)
• F2 key (Rename the selected item)
• CTRL+F4 (Close the active console window. When a console has only one console window, this shortcut closes the console)

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Remote desktop connection navigation
• CTRL+ALT+END (Open the Microsoft Windows NT Security dialog box)
• ALT+PAGE UP (Switch between programs from left to right)
• ALT+PAGE DOWN (Switch between programs from right to left)
• ALT+INSERT (Cycle through the programs in most recently used order)
• ALT+HOME (Display the Start menu)
• CTRL+ALT+BREAK (Switch the client computer between a window and a full screen)
• ALT+DELETE (Display the Windows menu)
• CTRL+ALT+Minus sign (-) (Place a snapshot of the entire client window area on the Terminal server clipboard and provide the same functionality as pressing ALT+PRINT SCREEN on a local computer.)
• CTRL+ALT+Plus sign (+) (Place a snapshot of the active window in the client on the Terminal server clipboard and provide the same functionality as pressing PRINT SCREEN on a local computer.)

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Microsoft Internet Explorer navigation
• CTRL+B (Open the Organize Favorites dialog box)
• CTRL+E (Open the Search bar)
• CTRL+F (Start the Find utility)
• CTRL+H (Open the History bar)
• CTRL+I (Open the Favorites bar)
• CTRL+L (Open the Open dialog box)
• CTRL+N (Start another instance of the browser with the same Web address)
• CTRL+O (Open the Open dialog box, the same as CTRL+L)
• CTRL+P (Open the Print dialog box)
• CTRL+R (Update the current Web page)
• CTRL+W (Close the current window)

Complete .com Address 1 Ctrl+Enter Win/Linux Ctrl/Cmd+Enter/Return Enter/Return

BUSINESS ETHIC AND VALUE : CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

2009-12-01T19:54:00.000-08:00

OVERVIEW
Definition
Corporate Governance In The Malaysian Perspective

DEFINITION
-According to Steiner, corporate governance is "the overall control of activities in a corporation. It is concerned with the formulation of long-term objectives and plans and the proper management structure (organization, systems, and people) to achieve them. At the same time, it entails making sure that the structure functions to maintain the corporation's integrity, reputation, and responsibility to its various constituencies".

Objectives of Corporate Governance
Five important objectives of corporate governance:
-fulfilling owner's long-term strategic goals,
-considering and caring for the present and future interests of employees,
-taking into account the environment and local community needs,
-maintaining excellent relationships with customers and suppliers, and
-complying with the laws.

Current Trends In Corporate Governance
-the rise of institutional investors- movement toward relationship investing, i.e.when large shareholders (pensions, mutual funds, or a group of private investors) form a long-term, committed link with a company
-changing role of the board of directors- becoming more assertive in determining the corporation’s direction
-social responsibility shareholder resolutions- stockholders should be allowed to vote on social and economic questions that are related to the corporation
-employee stock ownership

Corporate Disclosure
-Giving stockholders more and better company information is one of the best ways to safeguard their interests.
-An investor, should be as fully informed as possible in order to make sound investments.

The Duties of Directors
-Select, regularly evaluate and, if necessary, replace the chief executive officer. Determine management compensation. Review succession planning.
-Review and, where appropriate, approve the financial objectives, major strategies, and plans of the corporation.

Separate the CEO and Board Chairman – Trends of the future?
-In 72 percent of large American corporations, the CEO is also the chairperson of the board. Some observers believe the two jobs should be separated, but there is much opposition to the idea, especially among CEOs

Pros of Separation
-Many directors believe that when CEOs also chair the board, they have too much power. The power to control the agenda and the information that directors get is overwhelming, they say.
-Splitting the jobs would underscore the notion that managers serve at the discretion of directors, not the other way around. At board meeting, directors would feel freer to raise questions and be critical of management. Many top executives support this view. (Jay W.Lorsch, Pawns or Potentates (Boston, Mass.:Harv. Bus. School Press, 1989)

Cons of Separation
-If the CEO and chairperson positions are split, and if rivalry or dislike develops between the two, then the split works to the detriment of the business and the board functions less well.
-CEOs say that to split the roles would complicate their jobs. They are concerned that their immediate predecessors might be appointed chairperson. That situation would indeed be fraught with danger and should not be permitted by a board where the split has taken place.
-Ram Charan, a consultant to corporate CEOs and boards of directors, is critical of the separation of the two jobs. He says: “Separating the role of CEO and chairman can create confusion and blur accountability. Outsiders might begin to wonder who is really in charge or whether the CEO is on the way out. Any misperceptions outside can erode the CEO’s decision-making power internally as well.”

CORPORATE GOVERNANCE IN THE MALAYSIAN PERSPECTIVE
-Issues pertaining to corporate governance reform in Malaysia are captured in the "Report on Corporate Governance" prepared by the High Level Finance Committee on Corporate Governance in February 1999.
-In the report, corporate governance is defined as "the process and structure used to direct and manage business affairs of the company toward enhancing business prosperity and corporate accountability with the ultimate objective of realizing long-term shareholders' value whilst taking into account the interests of other stakeholders".

Towards an ideal system of corporate governance for Malaysia
-Key institution requiring reform in the corporate governance of Malaysia is the Board if Directors (BOD).
-The code of corporate governance prepared by this committee is thus premised on the fact that good corporate governance rests firmly on the proper functioning of the BOD

Evolution of Corporate in Malaysia
-As the reform of corporate governance is at the early stage in Malaysia, the government and its statutory organizations working hand in hand with professional bodies
-The evolutionary nature of Malaysian policies requires that self-regulation is also encouraged to complement the basic legal framework of reform.
-All public listed companies (approx. 700) were mainly guided by company laws such as the Company's Act of 1965 and additional statutory rules and guidelines
-However, the general lack of ethically sound governance remained as the major stumbling block to corporate governance reform
-The missing link was the effective role of the company directors as representatives of the shareholders and as self-regulators of ethical company conduct.
-Overcoming conflicts of interests and other abuses are the most troublesome features that the law in itself was unable to monitor and enforce if the directors involved are either ignorant of their responsibilities or are downright unethical.
-A mixture of regulations and self-governance is necessary to ensure relevant parties play their roles in creating the structures and processes that will lead to efficient allocation of resources in addition to contributing to the country's development.

BUSINESS ETHIC AND VALUE : CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY

2009-12-01T19:38:00.000-08:00

OVERVIEW
CONCEPT OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY
MANIFESTATION OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY
RELEVANCE OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY
CONCEPT OF MORAL RESPONSIBILITY AND ITS APPLICATION TO CORPORATIONS

CONCEPT OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY
-The meaning of corporate social responsibility
-The beginning of corporate social responsibility
-Modern forms of corporate social responsibility
-The limits and balances of corporate social responsibility
-Corporate social responsibility vs. corporate social responsiveness

The Meaning of Corporate Social Responsibility
-Corporate social responsibility (CRS) is defined as the responsibilities of corporations to positively contribute to the socio-economic well being of the societies in which they operate.
-The Meaning of Corporate Social Responsibility
-Being responsible means that corporations are accountable to stakeholders and the environment
-Being socially responsible does not mean that businesses cannot fully utilize their economic resources toward getting profits and eventually gaining financial stability and prosperity
-Businesses are also expected to contribute to the welfare of the society by financially and morally involving themselves in social programs
-The Beginning of Corporate Social Responsibility
Corporate social responsibility began in the early twentieth century.
-The two principles adopted at the beginning of its history were the:
==>charity principle, and
==>stewardship principle.
-The charity principle is the notion that businessmen as individuals should assist the needy
-The stewardship principle furthers that businesses should consider the interests of everyone affected by their decisions, that is, the stakeholders.

The Beginning of Corporate Social Responsibility
-It began with the idea of individual philanthropy, where successful businessmen or individuals contributed to public welfare but then evolved into corporate philanthropy.
-An example of today's corporate philanthropy includes the initiatives of some corporations in helping the government solve social problems such as drug use and poverty.

Modern Forms of Corporate Social Responsibility
According to James E. Post, author of the book "Business and Society: Corporate Strategy, Public Policy, Ethics", there are three modern forms of CSR, which are:
-corporate philanthropy,
-corporate employee volunteerism, and
-corporate awards for social responsibility.

The Limits and Balances of Corporate Social Responsibility
Businesses must analyze the costs and benefits of social programs due to the time, budget, and workforce constraints they face.
The four limits of CSR are:
-legitimacy,
-cost,
-efficiency, and
-scope and complexity.

The Limits and Balances of Corporate Social Responsibility
The balances or arguments that justify CSR are:
-the need for businesses to fulfill social responsibilities,
-long-term viability and success,
-the need to respond to and fulfill stakeholders' demands and interests, and
-the need to provide remedies for social problems.

Corporate social responsibility vs. corporate social responsiveness
-Corporate social responsibility requires businesses to be more responsible to their stakeholders.
-On the other hand, corporate social responsiveness is the capacity and actions taken by organizations to respond to stakeholders' demands.

Corporate social responsibility vs. corporate social responsiveness
There are three principles of corporate social responsibility, which are that:
-the society grants legitimacy and power to businesses,
-businesses are responsible for outcomes related to their primary and secondary areas of involvement within the society, and
-managers are moral and economic agents that are obliged to exercise discretion in favor of the corporations vis a vis the stakeholders.

Corporate social responsibility vs. corporate social responsiveness
On the contrary, corporate social responsiveness consists of three mechanisms by which companies handle social obligations. The mechanisms are:
-environmental assessment, which is a scanning process that allows organizations to identify and respond to the business environment, and manage stakeholder issues,
community relation programs that focus on demographic information, lifestyles, and social values, and
-issues management, which includes identification, analyses, and response to current issues and trends in the social, technological, economic, and political segments.
Ways in which businesses respond to stakeholders' demands:
=rejection and adversary (inactive)
=resistance (reactive)
=compliance and accommodation (interactive)
=proactive

MANIFESTATION OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY
The manifestations of corporate social responsibility can be seen through:
=awareness of stakeholders' expectations,
=obeying the law,
=corporate governance,
=admission of fault,
=credos and corporate values, and
=contributions to society.

MANIFESTATION OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY
CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY
RELEVANCE OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY
OVERVIEW
Corporate social responsibility in the workplace
Corporate social responsibility and consumers
Corporate social responsibility, the internet, and technology
Corporate social responsibility and the environment

CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY IN THE WORKPLACE
The Nature and Meaning of Work
Sustained effort done to produce something of value for others
1850- Industrial Revolution- work is a drudgery
1920s- “scientific management” work is productivity and utility
1970s- work is self-fulfillment
1990s- work is related to inner needs beyond religious duty and material success

Basic Issues in the Workplace
Civil liberties in the workplace
Personnel policies and procedures: hiring; promotions; discipline and discharge; Wages

Unions
Policies and Procedures in the Workplace
policies, standards and decision regarding personnel matters must be directly job-related, based on transparent criteria and applied equally
incomplete or non-specific job description can injure job-applicants by denying them the information crucial for occupational decision making
aspects which are non-job related and thus should not enter personnel decisions: sex, age, race, national origin, religion, lifestyle, ill-considered educational requirements

During interviews: interviewers should focus on the humanity of the candidate and avoid allowing their personal biases to color their evaluations
in terms of promotions:management should promote on the basis of qualifications and personnel’s long term contributions to the company. Unfair treatment to other employees might result from promoting based on seniority, inbreeding and nepotism
Discipline and Discharge
Due process and just cause must operate if treatment is to be fair.
Due process- there should be procedures for workers to appeal discipline and discharge.
Employers should provide sufficient warning, severance pay and displacement counseling

Union Ideals
Protect workers from abuses of power at the hands of employers
existence of equal or mutual dependence between the employer and the employees- basis for collective bargaining- negotiations between the reps of organized workers and their employers over wages, hours, rules, work condition and participation in decisions affecting the workplace.
Union Tactics
direct strikes- must based on just cause (job-related matters); proper authorization; last resort
sympathetic strikes- involve the discontinuance of work in support of other workers with a grievance.
Primary boycotts- refusing to support companies being struck- seem morally comparable to direct strikes.
Secondary boycotts - refusing to support companies handling products of struck companies- are morally analogous to sympathetic strikes

Turbulence in the Workplace
Corporate downsizing- workforce restructuring
Wage inequality- (started from 1970s)- may due to competitive global labor markets, shift away from manufacturing, computerization of work, declining influence of the unions
Revised employment contract- rise of contingency or contract workers, temporary virtual teams etc.
Controversy in Today’s Workplace
Nature of privacy
the use of polygraph and personality tests, employee monitoring and drug testing
working conditions
job satisfaction and enhancement of quality of work life
Controversy in Today’s Workplace
A firm is legitimately interested in whatever significantly influences job performance, but there’s no precise definition of “significant influence”. Organizations may be invading privacy when they coerce employees to involve in civic activities, to participate in wellness programs or in so-called intensive group experiences
Information-gathering on employees can be highly personal and subject to abuse. Hence, there should be informed consent (deliberation and free choice) from the employees
deliberation requires that employees be provided all significant facts concerning the information-gathering procedure and understand their consequence
free choice means that the decision to participate must be voluntary and uncoerced
Controversy in Today’s Workplace
Polygraph tests, personality tests, drug tests, and the monitoring of employees on the job can intrude into employee privacy. The exact character of these devices, the rationale for using them to gather information in specific circumstances, and the moral costs of doing so must always be carefully evaluated
Health and safety is a moral concern in the workplace:
scope of occupational hazards, including shift work and stress
the number of employees harmed by work-related injuries and diseases
management style greatly affects the work environment. Managers who operate with rigid assumptions about human nature or who devote themselves to infighting and political maneuvering damage employees’ interests
Controversy in Today’s Workplace
Day-care services and reasonable parental-leave policies also affect working conditions.
The underlying moral issues :
-women have a right to compete on an equal terrain with men
-the development of the women’s potential capacity is a moral ideal
-Redesigning the work process can enhance job satisfaction; increase the quality of work life, the well-being of workers and even productivity

The Employees’ Obligations to the Firm Are to Avoid:
=conflicts of interests
=bribes and extortion
=theft
=trade secrets- concern non public information
=insider trading
=Conflicts of Interest

arises when
employees have a personal interest in a transaction substantial enough that it does, or might reasonably be expected to lead them to act against the interests of the organization
when employees have financial investments in suppliers, customers, or distributors with whom the organization does business
Bribe
payment in some form for an act that runs counter to the work contract or the nature of the work one has been hired to perform. The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act prohibits corporations from engaging in bribery overseas.
involves injury to individuals, competitors, or political institutions and damage to the free-market system
considerations in determining the moral acceptability of gift giving and receiving:
the value of gift
the purpose of gift
the circumstances under which it is given
the position and sensitivity to influence to influence of the person receiving the gift
accepted business practice
the company policy
the law
Abuse of Official Position
Insider trading- use of significant facts that have not yet been made public and will likely affect stock prices. It seems unfair and can injure other investors
Proprietary data- an organization’s classified or secret information. The proprietary-data issues pose a conflict between two legitimate rights: the right of employers to keep certain information secret and the right of individuals to work where they choose
The Firm’s Duties to Employees:
-Fair wages
-healthy and safe working conditions
-create working condition that can path to job satisfaction
-Employees’ Rights
-The right to privacy
freedom of conscience- the freedom to act when personal moral beliefs is violated
whistleblowing- disclose wrongdoings of the corporation/employers
the right to participate in management decision making which directly affect employees
the right to organize/unionize
Whistle blowing
Employee informing the public about the illegal or immoral behavior of an employer or organization
is morally justified if
-it is done from the appropriate moral motive
-the whistle blower has exhausted internal channels before going public
-the whistle blower has compelling evidence
-the whistle blower has carefully analyzed the dangers
-the whistle blowing has some chance of success

Job Discrimination
definition
-the statistical and attitudinal evidence of discrimination
-the historical and legal context of affirmative action
-the moral arguments for and against affirmative action
-the doctrine of comparable worth and the controversy over it
-the problem of sexual harassment in employment

Discrimination in Employment:
=Involves adverse decisions against employees or job applicants based on their membership in a group that is viewed as inferior or deserving of unequal treatment.
Can be intentional or unintentional, institutional or individual
=Evidence of deep-seated attitudes and institutional practices and policies, point that most discrimination in the workplace are based on race and sex

Comparable Worth
-The doctrine of comparable worth holds that women and men should be paid on the same scale for doing different jobs of equal skills, effort and responsibility
EEOC Guidelines on Sexual Harassment (1980)
Unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature constitute sexual harassment when:
--Submission to such conduct is made either explicitly or implicitly a term or condition of an individual’s employment,
--Submission to or rejection of such conduct by an individual is used as the basis for employment decisions affecting such individual, or
--Such conduct has the purpose or effect of unreasonably interfering with an individual’s work performance or creating an intimidating, hostile, or offensive working environment.

CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY AND CONSUMERS
The Legal Liability of Manufacturers
Caveat emptor : “let the buyer beware” - consumers must be fully knowledgeable in the things they buy
due care : above and beyond any contract, producers need to exercise due care to prevent the consumers from being injured by defective products
strict product liability : manufacturers have legal responsibilities to compensate the consumers for the injuries suffered because of product’s defective condition
The Responsibilities of a Business
should give safety the priority warranted by the product
should abandon the misconception that accidents occur exclusively as a result of product misuse and that it is thereby absolved of all responsibility
must monitor the manufacturing process itself
when a product is ready to be marketed, companies should have their product-safety staff review their market strategy and advertising for potential safety problems
when a product reaches the marketplace, firms should make available to consumers written information about the product’s performance
companies should investigate consumer complaints
Other Areas of Business Responsibility Regarding Product
Product Quality- business assumes responsibilities to consumers via warranties, either implied or expressed
Prices- concealing a product true cost and price fixing (ex: agreement between manufacturer and retailer to fix prices of product) is a violation of the rules of the business in a market system
Labeling and packaging : producers are responsible to provide consumers with clear, usable information about the price, quality and quantity of a product so that intelligent choices and comparisons can be made
Deceptive Techniques in Advertising
Ambiguity
Concealed facts
Exaggeration
Psychological Appeals

Deceptive Techniques in Advertising
Advertising to children is big business, but children are particularly susceptible to the flattery of advertising.
Advertising
Defenders : ads’ imaginative, symbolic and artistic content answers human needs.
Critics: ads manipulate real human needs or even creates artificial ones.
Gailbraith: producers create both the goods and the demands for those goods. Ads encourages a preoccupation with material goods and leads to favor private consumption at the expense of public goods

CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY, THE INTERNET, AND TECHNOLOGY
Corporate social responsibility should be practiced in the handling of the internet and technology, where corporations should promote responsible attitudes amongst employees with regard to the dissemination of information, the use of other people's products, and so on.
CSR and the Internet
Humans are responsible for the usage of computers; whether it is used for positive or negative purposes
Business via internet
security of internet transaction, delivery of goods etc.
change the relevance of geographical location, times etc.
The internet then lifts barriers of communication and creates an environment in which anyone can say or publish anything
We do not need new ethics in the age of the internet but we have to apply and possibly revise our ethical concepts and norms to fit the new environment
CSR and Technology
Technology is quickly transforming the ways in which work is organized, communication takes place, and business is done
The technological revolution has raised a number of moral issues in businesses such as the ethics of production and also sales and abuse of technological products
Involve the question of whether it is moral or ethical for agencies to use information technology (IT) to encroach into our private lives
In addressing issues revolving around the use of IT, moral compasses and ethical consciousness take priority over moral authority

CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY AND THE ENVIRONMENT
As product and service providers and as the main economic contributor in a society, corporate social responsibility suggests that businesses should be responsible as to how they affect the environment.
Three concepts used in environmental crises, which are:
--ecocentric management,
--sustainable development, and
--crisis prevention and management.
--Crisis Prevention and Management

The free markets are responsible for environmental problems and they alone are sufficient as the problem solver
For example, when fines or legal penalties for pollution get too costly for a firm, developing pollution reducing technologies is the economically sensible strategy to adopt

Ecocentric Management
The modern corporations are the roots of environmental crises
Ecocentric is a belief that money and profits are more important than everything else
Sustainable Development
Corporations have significant environmental side effects
Advocates of this position believe on sustainable development concept, where corporations actively handle environmental problems by reforming and correcting production systems

Corporate Social Responsibility And The Environment
Pollution Control has a price, and trade-offs must be made. But weighing costs and benefits involves controversial factual assessments and value judgements. Any equitable solution to the problem of who should pay must recognize that all of us in some way contribute to the problem and benefit from correcting it.
Cost allocation requires a combination of regulations, incentives, charges and permits for polluting. Such an approach must not only consider what is effective but must also seek a fair assignment of costs

BUSINESS ETHIC AND VALUE : CORPORATE POWER AND ITS IMPACT ON SOCIETY AND STAKEHOLDERS

2009-12-01T19:32:00.000-08:00

OVERVIEW
ECONOMIC IMPACT
CULTURAL IMPACT
TECHNOLOGICAL IMPACT
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
POLITICAL IMPACT

ECONOMIC IMPACT
The positive impacts of businesses include:
-contributing to the communities' economic well being, and
-providing them with employment opportunities as well as better transportation systems and infrastructure facilities.

The negative impacts of businesses are:
unemployment and inflation,
-monopoly power,
-unequal distribution of income resulting from the capitalist system, and
-the manipulation of economic resources like land, labor, capital, and enterprises.

CULTURAL IMPACT
Amongst the cultural impacts of businesses are:
-the change in the position of women in the social hierarchy, and
-the change in social values, culture, and lifestyles of a community in both positive and negative ways.

TECHNOLOGICAL IMPACT
Technological impacts of businesses include but not limited to:
-the production of knowledge workers such as computer programmers, engineers, accountants, news editors, and so on,
-the rapid growth of new technologies through research and development (R&D),
-the innovation of creative products and services such as vacuum cleaners, hand phones, and the internet, and
-the elimination of close social or familial relationships.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
Among the issues relating to the impact of business activities on the environment are:
-water pollution,
-air pollution, and
-soil deterioration.
-The impacts result from human attitudes that do not respect the rights of others and the absence of concern for the environment.

POLITICAL IMPACT
-Business involvement in politics are in the aspects of issue management, government lobbying, and collaboration with the government towards economic growth.
-In every aspect of their political involvement, they should eventually improve public welfare.

BUSINESS ETHIC AND VALUE : ENVIRONMENT OF BUSINESS

2009-12-01T19:26:00.000-08:00

OVERVIEW
Overview of the Business Environment and Its Historical Forces
The Six Environment of Business
Models of Business-Government-Society Relationships

Economic Environment
-Economic forces have significant impacts on business activities. For example, the fluctuations of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) influence and affect the stability and growth of productions and markets.
-Economic forces are interdependent and affect the business environments in different ways.
-A thorough understanding of the economic environment will help businesses in the decision-making process and operational activities.

Technological Environment
Knowledge is the key factor that facilitates technological advancements.
New technologies:
=help businesses speed up work processes and procedures,
=provide for higher profits through improved production activities, and
=enable consumers to enjoy a wider variety of improved products and services.

Governmental Environment
-Governments need to control and regulate businesses in terms of what they can do and how they should them and this regulation is done through laws and legislation.
-This is especially because it is the government's role to protect the rights of the people and provide for their well being and safety.

Cultural Environment
-It is important for businesses to understand the culture of the people, where they operate especially when they want to do business outside of their origin countries.
-An understanding of the cultural environment enables businesses to capture a big market share faster and avoid rejection from the people.

Natural Environment
-Awareness of businesses of their responsibility on the natural environment is important to ensure long-term and continuous prosperity.
-Business managers should make careful considerations and in-depth studies with regard to things that could affect mother nature.
-This is because the natural environment has been jeopardized by the attitudes of businesses that are insensitive to the effects of their decisions upon the environment.
-Businesses that are socially responsible in their treatment of the environment will eventually realize that it will pay off at the end of the day, when they enjoy stability and bigger profit margins resulting from loyalty because people would respect them more.

Internal Environment
Four groups within the internal environment of businesses comprise of the:
-owner(s)
-board of directors,
-managers, and
-employees.
They are coordinated in such a way that the managers will be responsible in ensuring that employees share the same values and vision with the management as this is crucial to business growth.

MODELS OF THE BUSINESS-GOVERNMENT-SOCIETY RELATIONSHIPS
According to Steiner and Steiner, there are four models that can depict the business-government-society relationships:
-Market Capitalism Model,
-Dominance Model,
-Dynamic Forces Model, and
-Stakeholder Model.

Market Capitalism Model
-The Market Capitalism Model (since 18th century):
-government interference in economic life will be held to a minimum
-individuals have maximum freedom to pursue their own self-interests

Dominance Model
-(the latter half of the 19th century): powerful business magnates, politicians and legislatures shape the destinies of the common people

Stakeholder Model
-business firms is the center of a set of mutual relationships with individuals and groups of stakeholders

BUSINESS ETHIC AND VALUE : FOUNDATION OF BUSINESS

2009-12-01T19:18:00.000-08:00

OVERVIEW
Nature of Capitalism
Concept of Business
Interaction of Business, Government, and Society

NATURE OF CAPITALISM
Introduction
-Capitalism is a system of production and trade based on private property facilitated by the law, state, and market institutions.
-Capitalists operate on a profit motive and the market allows for efficient use of scarce resources to generate higher returns on these investments.
-The evolution of the market economy has also seen alterations in the capitalist system.

Historical Background
-Capitalism emerged during the Renaissance or the Enlightenment era in Europe between the fifteenth and sixteenth century
-It has undergone several changes since its evolution:
Mercantile capitalism : national wealth and power best served by exports and collecting precious metals; government encourage foreign trade, discourage imports, promote national supremacy
Industrial capitalism: development of large scale industry with sound financial base; technology for mass production; expanding markets for cheaply manufactured goods; large and willing labor force
Financial capitalism:as merchants competed in offering low prices, the need for financial assistance arose and they had to depend on financial institutions for that
State-welfare/managed capitalism: government plays an active role in regulating economic activities to smooth out the economic cycle

Key Features of Capitalism
-Company: artificial being, invisible, intangible, existing only in the contemplation of the law (Marshall, 1900)
-Profit motive: companies are motivated to seek profit-maximization in the forms of money and other assets
-Private Property: private ownership of the major source of production and distribution
-Accumulation of Capital: risk of investing wealth in order to generate profits

Moral Justifications of Capitalism
natural right to property - capitalism allows people to own as much or as many properties as they are capable of as long as they are legal
concept of the invisible hand - the invisible hand would be able to satisfy the conflicting and unlimited human demands through efficient resource allocation and that it is the best way to ensure that the wants of everyone in a society is catered for
structured and efficient production processes - it provides the public with necessary goods and services, which otherwise would have been produced inefficiently

Criticisms of Capitalism
-Inequality- disparity in personal income; ownership; opportunity and worker-capitalist relationship
-Human nature and capitalism- reinforce the human tendencies of being materialistic, individualistic and acquisitive
-Breeding of oligopolies- concentration of property, resources and economic power in the hands of a few
-Exploitation and alienation- increasing profit through exploiting workers
-The act of alienation can be seen in two ways:
==>the relationship of the worker to the product of labor as an alien object which dominates him
==>the relationship of the worker to his own activity as something alien and not belonging to him
-Overlook ethical issues- unbridled competition and exploitation may lead cyclical instabilities of overproduction, layoffs, recession, depression, political and economic disparity

CONCEPT OF BUSINESS
-The business system members are interdependent, and each has equal importance
-The purpose of business is to acquire more profit, accumulate capital for the owners and ensuring economic well being of society
-Within its sphere, business’ role is to operate in line with the public policy and generate wealth and well being of society- create healthy competition, alternative methods of production, high quality at lower prices

INTERACTION OF BUSINESS, GOVERNMENT, AND SOCIETY
The relationships between businesses and the government as well as the society can be understood and explained from the viewpoints of three different concepts of social responsibility:
-Unitarian Views
-Separatist Views
-Integrative Views

Unitarian Views
-The bottom line for this view is that moral claims based on socio-spiritual values should be directly applied to businesses as business activities are one of the activities of the human community that directly impact on the environment and the people.
-The religious or socio-spiritual authority will determine grounds for evaluating the morality of actions as well as the social responsibility of corporations.
-Islamic ethics is one example of moral approach that practices the unitarian view.
-The downside of this view is that the interpretation and perception of values and their priorities tend to be conflicting depending on who has more power to decide.

Separatist Views
-This view of business evolved as a result of the ideas of Adam Smith on the role of business and self-interest in generating social welfare.
-The separatist looks at business as a completely independent system and separated from the socio-spiritual spheres of the society
-It believes that business people do not have to comply with moral or socio-spiritual standards as they only need to abide by legal and market rules in accomplishing their goals.
-Dismiss the application of moral appeals to business.
-Acknowledges self-interest motivation through the institution of market

Integrative Views
-This view combines the responsibilities of or the need for businesses to adhere to the socio-spiritual values and also legal and market rules.
-The integrative view is a manifestation of the stakeholder view of social responsibility.
-Implicit in the integrative view is the idea that business is not only about profit making but it is also part and parcel of the society in which it exists
-Although different spheres have different goals and ideals, there is unity in terms of goals and ideals at the level of universality - issues of social justice, environmental degradation etc.

BUSINESS ETHIC AND VALUES : EVOLUTION OF BUSINESS AND ECONOMY IN THE MARKET SOCIETY

2009-12-01T19:13:00.000-08:00

OVERVIEW
Progress of market
Ideology and Economic System
Characteristics of Market Economy
Legitimacy of Business to Society

PROGRESS OF MARKETS
The Feudal Era
-The feudal era is associated with a historical period known as the Dark Ages
-Socio-economic and political systems were based on reciprocal relationships between lords and serfs
-Economic institutions were static - farming and agriculture were the main sources
-Military protection and the general welfare of the community is taken care of by the Master in return for food supply and other requirements given by the serfs and peasants.

The Basic Features of Feudal Markets:
-Production in the feudal market system was only sufficient to fulfill the necessity of human lives like food, shelter, and clothing,
-The barter system (trading by exchanging one's products with other people's) was widely practiced,
-Natural resources like land, sea, and river were the ultimate source of income as activities like fishing, farming, harvesting, and hunting, are of high prominence, and
-Participation of individuals in the economy was to sustain the traditional lifestyles and cultures besides safekeeping the nature.

Nature of the Feudal System:
-The feudal market system was in existence as early as the early civilizations until the end of the Dark Ages in Europe.
-The markets were marginal institutions that functioned as part of the fabric of socio-political systems.
-Market values were not among the highly esteemed values of society and even profits were looked upon negatively.
-Merchants were viewed as the lower social strata.
-Era of enlightenment and reformation -Improvement of the merchant class and industrial advancements:
==>economic values grow stronger
==>market forces reach social activities
==>profit as human motivation
==>capital accumulation as a reason for further production

IDEOLOGY AND ECONOMIC SYSTEM
-Three types of economic systems; the capitalist system, command system, and mixed system
-The capitalist system is characterized by private ownership of resources and the use of markets and market variables to coordinate economic activities
Features of capitalism:
==>compete to achieve economic growth and progress
==>taste and talents enhance self-interest maximization
==>controlled by market and price mechanisms
==>none or less government intervention

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MARKET ECONOMY
=entrepreneurship that emphasizes on profits,
=innovations and risk-taking endeavors,
=self-interest maximization,
=prudence in the business system,
=competition and freedom of entry into the market,
=inherent impersonal relationships,
=divisions of labor,
=unequal distribution of wealth and income,
=class relations or divisions, and
=overproduction and other crises of the capitalist system.

LEGITIMACY OF BUSINESS TO SOCIETY
-The relationship between businesses and the society is one of mutual interdependence
-The role of businesses in providing goods and services to the society
-Meeting the expectations and demands of stakeholders

BUSINESS ETHIC AND VALUE : ETHICS OF VIRTUE AND CHARACTER

2009-12-01T19:01:00.000-08:00

OVERVIEW
-MacIntyre's Developmental Concept of Virtue Ethics
-Discipline of Building Character

MACINTYRE'S DEVELOPMENTAL CONCEPT OF VIRTUE ETHICS
-Unlike the normative principles or moral standards touched on earlier, another approach used in business ethics involves virtues or values inculcation and character development as the means of achieving ethical conduct.
-Virtue ethics centers on correct traits or behavior rather than correct standards of conduct. Examples of virtue ethics in the social context are caring for family, cooperation and respect for the elders while in the organizational or social context, there are prudence, hard work, tolerance, stewardship, and corporate social responsibility.

Virtue Ethics
-Dilemmas are part and parcels of complex problems in business ethics. Utility is not the ultimate concern of virtue ethics because virtue ethics aims to correct character traits rather than adjusting rules of conduct. Until recently, virtue ethics has been associated with religious ethics and the search for salvation.
-The recent writing of Alisdair MacIntyre, "After Virtue", has brought to the fore the importance of virtues, character, and excellence in ethics but it in original Aristotelian form devoid of the religious attributes.
-In other words, virtue ethics in its secularized version is formulated in the discipline of ethics and applied in the areas of human endeavor including business.
-Refers to correct character traits rather than rules of conduct
-Transformation/resurgence: Aristotelian religious ethics Mac Intyre
-Mac Intyre stresses on cultivation of desirable skill for excellence (Arette) and happiness (Eudamonia) of the person
-Require cultivation and practice
-Needs for formal/informal education and leadership
-Involves understanding one’s core values and core purpose of life

Types of Virtue
-Specific: personal excellence of a character
-General: good character traits, expected to be practiced by citizens which make up the whole society

Contribution of Modern Virtue Ethics to Business
-Strategic skills
-Judgement skills-- knowledge to produce just policies
-Skills of craftsmanship and commitment to quality

DISCIPLINE OF BUILDING CHARACTER
A disciplined individual with pleasant personality has a few notable characteristics called the pillars of character:
-trustworthiness
-respectfulness
-responsibility
-fairness
-integrity, and
-self-control.

Defining Moments
Three kinds of questions to ask in defining moments(Badaracco):
"Who am I?”
"Who are we?"
"Who the company is?"

BUSINESS ETHIC AND VALUE : NORMATIVE ETHICS

2009-12-01T18:41:00.000-08:00

OVERVIEW
-CONSEQUENTIALIST ETHICS OF EGOISM
-CONSEQUENTIALIST ETHICS OF UTILITARIANISM
-NON-CONSEQUENTIALIST ETHICS
-JUSTICE AND FAIRNESS

DEFINITION
-Normative ethics is the approach to ethics based on norms as the basis of evaluating actions or conducts
-It tells us about what morally ought to be as compared to what we may want to do or things we have been accustomed to doing
-For example, is it right to steal to feed the family?
-Two different types of normative ethics: consequentialist and non-consequentialist principles

CONSEQUENTIALIST ETHICS OF EGOISM
-The consequentialist principle determines the morality of actions based on the results of the actions
-An action is considered right if the favorable consequences exceed the unfavorable
-The consequentialist principle is also known as teleological theories, from the
Greek word telos, which means end
-The egoistic principle of ethical judgment
-Economics and role of egoism
-Limitations of egoism as an ethical principle

The Egoistic Principle of Ethical Judgment
-The view that associates morality with self-interest is referred to as egoism.
-Egoism proposes that an act is moral if and only it promotes an agent's short and/or long-term interests.
-An action that produces more benefits than costs to the decision maker's calculation compared to the other alternatives, is the right action take.
-Egoism is also recognized in psychology as psychological egoism.
-Psychological egoism is a doctrine that promotes the idea that humans are motivated by self-interest and that truly unselfish actions are unnatural. In short, human behavior is such that:
==it is naturally self-preserving,
==motivation to act is self-centered, and
==self-interest maximization is a rational behavior.

Economics and Role of Egoism
-Self-interest maximization is a form of rational behavior in business
-Rationality involves choosing the best in order to maximize self-goals such as profit, utility or even self-worth
-In economics, egoism is manifested in utility maximization that conceptually incorporates the following features:
==Self-centered welfare: a person’s welfare depends on his or her consumption of goods and services.
==Self-welfare goal: a person's goal is to maximize his or her welfare.
==Self-goal choice: the choice of action is guided by the pursuit of his or her goal.

Limitations of Egoism As an Ethical Principle
-agents cannot be impartial and objective except insofar as impartiality and objectivity further their interests
-ethical egoism ignores absolute wrongs

CONSEQUENTIALIST ETHICS OF UTILITARIANISM
-The utilitarian principle of ethical judgment
-Categories of utilitarian principle
-The personal, social and organizational ethics of the utilitarian principle
-Limitations of utilitarian principle

The Utilitarian Principle of Ethical Judgment
-Utilitarian is a principle, which states that we should act to produce the greatest possible balance of good or pleasure over bad for everyone affected by our action
-Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) and John Stuart Mill (1806-1873) were the first philosophers, who developed the theory explicitly
-Facts about utilitarian:
==it offers an attempt to lay down an objective principle for determining right and wrong actions through the Principle of Utility
==utilitarianism stresses upon the effects of an action
==utilitarianism separates an action from the doer

Categories of Utilitarian Principle
Two categories of the utilitarian principle:
-Act Utilitarianism
==Act utilitarianism represents classical views of right and wrong.
==It states that if any particular act in any particular situation brings more net benefits than those of any available alternative, then the action is right and should be the one we perform
-Rule Utilitarianism
==Rule utilitarianism uses past information about all acts in that class to make a rule that covers any act within that class to be either morally right or wrong

The personal, social and organizational ethics of the -utilitarian principle
==Utilitarianism does not only provide clear-cut reasoning but also overcomes self-interest conflicts
-Personal and Social Levels
==the interests of the community are the sum of the interests of its members
==Thus, based on utilitarian reasoning, an action increases the happiness of a community if it increases the total happiness of individuals in that community
-Organizational Level
==organizations have shareholders and stakeholders at the heart of their existence
==actions or decisions should advance the organizations' best interests, which are the interests of their shareholders and stakeholders

Limitations of Utilitarian Principle
Some of the questions raised against the utilitarian principle are:
-Is it really workable?
-Are some actions wrong even if they produce good?
-Is utilitarianism unjust?

NON-CONSEQUENTIALIST ETHICS
-The non-consequentialist theory examines the content or nature of the actions
-Morality is based on intention or duty
-Duty here is a moral obligation towards others or actions due to someone else such as the duty to pay for what we owe
-The ethics of duty
-The personal, social and organizational ethics of duty
-Limitations of duty ethics

The Ethics of Duty
-The original proponent of the approach was Immanuel Kant (1724-1804), a German philosopher
-Kant's ethics of duty proposes that moral imperative is a command based on goodwill rather than the calculation of consequences
-This is because morality should be based on an imperative to follow a maxim that can be universalized

The Personal, Social and Organizational Ethics of Duty
-The Personal, Social
==goodwill - only when we act out of duty that our actions have moral worth
==categorical imperative - a person should act on principles that he rationally believes should be the universal law, which should be categorically and not hypothetically defined
-Organizational Level
==ensures firm rules on morality, which cannot be simply adapted to circumstances and consequences as immoral actions are always wrong
==Kant introduced a humanistic dimension into business decisions
==Kant pointed up that motivation and principle-based actions are important

Limitations of Duty Ethics
-What Has Moral Worth?
==a moral action should be based on good will and rationally motivated and not based on inclinations, instinct, sympathy or emotions
-Is Categorical Imperative Effective?
==moral rules cannot be flexible and they have to function in all situations

JUSTICE AND FAIRNESS
-Ross' theory of prima facie principle
-The nature of justice
-Rawls' theory of justice

Ross' Theory of Prima Facie Principle
-obligations are prima facie, which means they are initially perceived on a first sight basis or before considering and weighing all factors relevant to the problem at hand
-seven basic types of obligations. They are the:
==>duties of fidelity - to uphold explicit and implicit promises,
==>duties of reparation - for previous wrongful acts or sins,
==>duties of gratitude,
==>duties of justice,
==>duties of beneficence - to improve conditions for others,
==>duties of self-improvement, and
==>duties not to injure anyone

The Nature of Justice
-Justice means treating everyone fairly, including fair distribution of risks and benefits
-Some Facts About Justice
==>if a person is treated unjustly, it means that the right of the person to be treated equally has been violated
==>justice is related to equality
==>justice requires that people get equal rewards or punishments for equal wrong or right
-Two major categories of justice; retributive and distributive justice
==>retributive justice - the assignment of blame and punishment proportionate to the misdeeds
==>distributive justice - the distribution of benefits in accordance with skills and needs
Principles of Justice
-Liberalism Principle of Justice
==>the government should redistribute society's goods and incomes from the rich to the poor
-Libertarian Principle of Justice
==>it is unethical to violate the inviolate rights and entitlements of individual, such as the right to own, use and disperse of property as one pleases, as long as rights of others are not infringed
-Egalitarian Principle of Justice
==>to each according to his need

Rawls' Theory of Justice
-Rawls described justice as fairness
-Rawls' theory of justice draws on two main concepts:
==>The Hypothetical Contract Approach, which consists of three main assumptions; the original position, the nature of choice, and the veil of ignorance.
==>The Principle of Justice that promotes equal rights for freedom, social and economic opportunities and distribution.

Nozick's Theory of Rights
-people have some basic inviolable rights:
==>life and liberty, and
==>basic inalienable rights, which he refers to as the Lockean rights
-The 3 main principles in this theory say that:
==>a person, who acquires wealth or property without violating the rights of others is the rightful owner of the property and free to use it as he or she wishes,
==>a person, who obtains wealth or property through legal transfer of it from another, who has legally and morally acquired the property, is the rightful owner of the property, and
==>if a person obtained or acquired wealth or property through a way that contradicts the first two principles, he or she is not the rightful owner of that property as he or she may have violated the rights of others in acquiring the property.

ORACLE : Restore and recover database

2009-11-30T18:29:00.001-08:00

Restore and recover database

Invoke RMAN and set the DBID: We invoke rman and connect to the target database as usual. No login credentials are required since we connect from an OS account belonging to ORA_DBA. Note that RMAN accepts a connection to the database although the database is yet to be recovered. RMAN doesn't as yet "know" which database we intend to connect to. We therefore need to identify the (to be restored) database to RMAN. This is done through the database identifier (DBID). The DBID can be figured out from the name of the controlfile backup. Example: if you use the controlfile backup format suggested in Part I, your controlfile backup name will be something like "CTL_SP_BAK_C-1507972899-20050228-00". In this case the DBID is 1507972899. Here's a transcript illustrating the process of setting the DBID:

C:\>rman

Recovery Manager: Release 9.2.0.4.0 - Production

Copyright (c) 1995, 2002, Oracle Corporation. All rights reserved.

RMAN> connect target /

connected to target database (not started)

RMAN> set dbid 1507972899

executing command: SET DBID

RMAN>

Restore spfile from backup: To restore the spfile, you first need to startup the database in the nomount state. This starts up the database using a dummy parameter file. After that you can restore the spfile from the backup (which has been restored from tape in Section 3). Finally you restart the database in nomount state. The restart is required in in order to start the instance using the restored parameter file. Here is an example RMAN transcript for the foregoing procedure. Note the difference in SGA size and components between the two startups:

RMAN> startup nomount

Oracle instance started

Total System Global Area 1520937712 bytes

Fixed Size 457456 bytes
Variable Size 763363328 bytes
Database Buffers 754974720 bytes
Redo Buffers 2142208 bytes

RMAN>

Restore control file from backup: The instance now "knows" where the control files should be restored, as this is listed in the CONTROL_FILES initialisation parameter. Therefore, the next step is to restore these files from backup. Once the control files are restored, the instance should be restarted in mount mode. A restart is required because the instance must read the initialisation parameter file in order to determine the control file locations. At the end of this step RMAN also has its proper configuration parameters, as these are stored in the control file.

Here is a RMAN session transcript showing the steps detailed here:
Example:

RMAN> restore controlfile from 'e:\backup\CTL_SP_BAK_C-1507972899-20050228-00';

Starting restore at 01/MAR/05

allocated channel: ORA_DISK_1
hannel ORA_DISK_1: sid=13 devtype=DISK
channel ORA_DISK_1: restoring controlfile
channel ORA_DISK_1: restore complete
replicating controlfile
input filename=D:\ORACLE_DATA\CONTROLFILE\ORCL\CONTROL01.CTL
output filename=E:\ORACLE_DATA\CONTROLFILE\ORCL\CONTROL02.CTL
output filename=C:\ORACLE_DUP_DEST\CONTROLFILE\ORCL\CONTROL03.CTL
Finished restore at 01/MAR/05

RMAN> shutdown

Oracle instance shut down

RMAN> exit

Recovery Manager complete.

C:\>rman target /

Recovery Manager: Release 9.2.0.4.0 - Production

Copyright (c) 1995, 2002, Oracle Corporation. All rights reserved.

connected to target database (not started)

RMAN> startup mount;

Oracle instance started
database mounted

Total System Global Area 1520937712 bytes

Fixed Size 457456 bytes
Variable Size 763363328 bytes
Database Buffers 754974720 bytes
Redo Buffers 2142208 bytes

RMAN> restore database;

Starting restore at 01/MAR/05
using target database controlfile instead of recovery catalog
allocated channel: ORA_DISK_1
channel ORA_DISK_1: sid=11 devtype=DISK
allocated channel: ORA_DISK_2
channel ORA_DISK_2: sid=8 devtype=DISK
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting datafile backupset restore
channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) to restore from backup set
restoring datafile 00001 to D:\ORACLE_DATA\DATAFILES\ORCL\SYSTEM01.DBF
restoring datafile 00003 to D:\ORACLE_DATA\DATAFILES\ORCL\USERS01.DBF
restoring datafile 00004 to D:\ORACLE_DATA\DATAFILES\ORCL\USERS02.DBF
channel ORA_DISK_2: starting datafile backupset restore
channel ORA_DISK_2: specifying datafile(s) to restore from backup set
restoring datafile 00002 to D:\ORACLE_DATA\DATAFILES\ORCL\UNDOTBS01.DBF
restoring datafile 00005 to D:\ORACLE_DATA\DATAFILES\ORCL\TOOLS01.DBF
restoring datafile 00006 to D:\ORACLE_DATA\DATAFILES\ORCL\TOOLS02.DBF
channel ORA_DISK_2: restored backup piece 1
piece handle=E:\BACKUP\80G6E1TT_1_1.BAK tag=TAG20041130T222501 params=NULL
channel ORA_DISK_1: restored backup piece 1
piece handle=E:\BACKUP\81G6E1TU_1_1.BAK tag=TAG20041130T222501 params=NULL
channel ORA_DISK_2: restored backup piece 2
piece handle=E:\BACKUP\80G6E1TT_2_1.BAK tag=TAG20041130T222501 params=NULL
channel ORA_DISK_1: restored backup piece 2
piece handle=E:\BACKUP\81G6E1TU_2_1.BAK tag=TAG20041130T222501 params=NULL
channel ORA_DISK_1: restored backup piece 3
piece handle=E:\BACKUP\81G6E1TU_3_1.BAK tag=TAG20041130T222501 params=NULL
channel ORA_DISK_1: restore complete
channel ORA_DISK_2: restored backup piece 3
piece handle=E:\BACKUP\80G6E1TT_3_1.BAK tag=TAG20041130T222501 params=NULL
channel ORA_DISK_2: restore complete
Finished restore at 01/MAR/05
RMAN> recover database;
Starting recover at 01/MAR/05
using channel ORA_DISK_1
using channel ORA_DISK_2
starting media recovery

unable to find archive log archive log thread=1 sequence=1388
RMAN-00571: ==============================
RMAN-00569: =ERROR MESSAGE STACK FOLLOWS =
RMAN-00571: ===============================
RMAN-03002: failure of recover command at 04/01/2005 14:14:43
RMAN-06054: media recovery requesting unknown log: thread 1 scn 32230460

RMAN> alter database open resetlogs;
Database opened

Step -1

Open the cmd prompt enter the RMAN command, before perform the rman make a note on database id

C:\>rman target /
rman> show all;

rman> CONFIGURE CONTROLFILE AUTOBACKUP ON;
rman> CONFIGURE CONTROLFILE AUTOBACKUP FORMAT FOR DEVICE TYPE DISK TO ‘/(put backup directory here)/autobackup_control_file%F’;

Step -2

Create the backup folder which is all the backed up files will be stored in this area
Example

C:\backup_area

Step -3

Use this script to take a complete database backup including archive and controlfiles
before executing the script spool output to preferred location.

RMAN > spool log to c:\rman_bkp.log
RMAN> run {
ALLOCATE CHANNEL RMAN_BACK_CH01 TYPE DISK;
CROSSCHECK BACKUP;
BACKUP AS COMPRESSED BACKUPSET DATABASE FORMAT 'c:\bkp\databasefiles_%d_%u_%s_%T';
sql 'ALTER SYSTEM ARCHIVE LOG CURRENT';
BACKUP AS COMPRESSED BACKUPSET ARCHIVELOG ALL FORMAT 'c:\bkp\archivelogs_%d_%u_%s_%T'DELETE INPUT;
BACKUP AS COMPRESSED BACKUPSET CURRENT CONTROLFILE FORMAT 'c:\bkp\controlfile_%d_%u_%s_%T';
RELEASE CHANNEL RMAN_BACK_CH01;
}

RMAN>Spool off
RMAN>exit

Step -4
Open the rman_bkp log file in the c:\ and make a note of handle piece of control file this will be used for restore and recovery purpose.

DBID=4198793586

ORACLE : Configuring Database Control with EMCA

2009-11-30T18:26:00.000-08:00

Steps to manually configure Entreprise Manager Control to manually created database.
This file extracted from the link given at the bottom if you need more details refer that link
Configuring Database Control with EMCA
When you use DBCA to configure Oracle Database 10g, DBCA provides a graphical user interface to help you select Database Control options and to configure other aspects of your database.
However, if you want to use the operating system command line to configure Database Control, you can use the Enterprise Manager Configuration Assistant (EMCA).
To configure Database Control with EMCA:
1. Set the following environment variables to identify the Oracle home and the system identifier (SID) for the database you want to manage:
o ORACLE_HOME
o ORACLE_SID
2. Change directory to the ORACLE_HOME/bin directory.
3. Start EMCA by entering the following command with any of the optional command-line arguments shown in Table 1-3:
4. $PROMPT> ./emca
5.
Depending upon the arguments you include on the EMCA command line, EMCA prompts you for the information required to configure Database Control.
For example, enter the following command to configure Database Control so it will perform automatic daily backups of your database:
$PROMPT> ./emca -config dbcontrol db -backup

EMCA commands are of the form:
emca [operation] [mode] [flags] [parameters]
Note: [once manually create database ue this commands to create repository for Entreprise Manager to that particular database and the configure with enterprie manager]

To configure Database Console for single instance database using ASM, no extra parameters need to be passed along with the EMCA command. Run the following command to configure the Database Console which will automatically detect the ASM instance:
emca -config dbcontrol db -repos create
Table 1-3 describes the valid execution operations and modes, and lists the optional parameters in brackets. Table 1-4 discusses the flags and their behavior, while Table 1-5 defines the optional parameters in detail. EMCA parameters are of the form [ -parameterName parameterValue ]. Multiple parameters can be used in combination at the command line.
Table 1-3 EMCA Command-Line Operations
Command Description
emca -h | --h | -help | --help Use this option to display the Help message for the EMCA utility. The options described in Table 1-3, Table 1-4, andTable 1-5, and the valid parameters you may include are listed.
emca –version Prints the version information associated with EMCA.
emca -config dbcontrol db [-repos (create | recreate)] [-cluster] [-silent] [-backup] [parameters] Configures Database Control for a database. Options include creating (or recreating) Database Control repository, configuring automatic backups, and performing these operations on a cluster database.
emca -config centralAgent (db | asm) [-cluster] [-silent] [parameters] Configures central agent management for a database or an Automatic Storage Management (ASM) instance. Options include performing this operation on a cluster environment.This operation will configure the database so that it can be centrally managed by the Oracle Enterprise Manager 10g Grid Control Console. To use this option, you must have previously installed the Oracle Management Service component of Enterprise Manager on a network host. In addition, the Oracle Management Agent must be installed on the host where you are running the database.
emca -config all db [-repos (create | recreate)] [-cluster] [-silent] [-backup] [parameters] Configures both Database Control and central agent management for a database. The possible configuration options are similar to those described above.
emca -deconfig dbcontrol db [-repos drop] [-cluster] [-silent] [parameters] Deconfigures Database Control for a database. Options include dropping the Database Control repository and performing these operations on a cluster database. For example, you might use this command to remove the Database Control configuration from a database you are planning to delete. In such a scenario, remove the Database Control configuration before physically deleting the database. This operation does not remove the actual database or its data files.
emca -deconfig centralAgent (db | asm) [-cluster] [ -silent] [parameters] Deconfigures central agent management for a database or an ASM instance. Options include performing this operation on a cluster environment. For example, you might use this command to remove the central agent management configuration from a database you are planning to delete. In such a scenario, remove the central agent management configuration before physically deleting the database. This operation does not remove the actual database or its data files.
emca -deconfig all db [-repos drop] [-cluster] [-silent] [parameters] Deconfigures both Database Control and central agent management for a database. The possible deconfiguration options are similar to those described above.
emca -addInst (db | asm) [-silent] [parameters] Configures Enterprise Manager for a new cluster instance of a database or ASM storage. For more information, refer to Section 1.2.6.5.
emca -deleteInst (db | asm) [-silent] [parameters] Deconfigures Enterprise Manager for a specific instance of a cluster database or ASM storage. This is discussed further below, in Section 1.2.6.5.
emca -reconfig ports [-cluster] [parameters] Explicitly reassigns Database Control ports. Options include performing this operation on a cluster environment. For more information, refer to Section 1.2.6.6.
emca -reconfig dbcontrol -cluster [-silent] [parameters] Reconfigures Database Control deployment for a cluster database. Note that this command must be used with the "-cluster" option. For more information, refer to Section 1.2.6.5.
emca -displayConfig dbcontrol -cluster [-silent] [parameters] Displays information about the current deployment configuration of Database Control in a cluster environment. Note that this command must be used with the "-cluster" option. For more information, refer to Section 1.2.6.5.
emca -upgrade (db | asm | db_asm) [-cluster] [-silent] [parameters] Upgrades the configuration of an earlier version of Enterprise Manager to the current version. This operation can be performed for database, ASM, or database and ASM instances together simultaneously. This does not upgrade the actual database or ASM instances, nor does it upgrade the Enterprise Manager software. Instead, it upgrades the configuration files for the specified instance so that they are compatible with the current version of the Enterprise Manager software. EMCA will attempt to upgrade all instances of the specified database and/or ASM target on the host, across all Oracle Homes (since it is likely that certain target properties, such as listener port or Oracle Home, have changed).
emca -restore (db | asm | db_asm) [-cluster] [-silent] [parameters] Restores the current version of Enterprise Manager configuration to an earlier version. This is the inverse of the "-upgrade" option (and will reverse any changes that result from an "-upgrade" operation), and as such, the options are similar.

Table 1-4 EMCA Command-Line Flags
Flag Description
Db Performs the operation for a database (including cluster databases). Use this option for databases that use Automatic Storage Management (ASM) to store the data files. If a database is using ASM, all the configuration operations and modes described above (except for "-upgrade" and "-restore") will detect this automatically and apply the changes to both the database and ASM instance(s).
Asm Performs the operation for an ASM-only instance (including cluster ASM instances).
db_asm This flag can only be used in "-upgrade" and "-restore" mode. Performs the upgrade/restore operation for a database and an ASM instance together. Database and ASM instances may be upgraded or restored separately (that is, upgrading an ASM instance does not require upgrading the database instances it services). Hence, the Enterprise Manager configuration can be upgraded or restored separately for a database and its respective ASM instance.
-repos create Creates a new Database Control management repository.
-repos drop Drops the current Database Control management repository.
-repos recreate Drops the current Database Control management repository and then recreates a new one.
-cluster Performs the operation for a cluster database or ASM instance.
-silent Performs the operation without prompting for additional information. If this mode is specified, all the required parameters must be entered at the command line or specified in an input file using the –respFile argument. You can view a list of the available parameters by entering emca -help at the command line.
-backup Configures automatic backup for a database. EMCA will prompt for daily automatic backup options. The default Enterprise Manager settings will be used to backup the database files.Note: If you use this option, EMCA will use the value of the db_recovery_file_dest initialization parameter to identify the flashback recovery area for the automated backups. If that parameter is not set, EMCA will generate an error. You can modify these settings later using the Maintenance page in Database Control. For more information, see the Database Control online Help.

Table 1-5 EMCA Command-Line Parameters
Parameter Description
-respFile Specifies the path of an input file listing parameters for EMCA to use while performing its configuration operation. For more information, refer to Section 1.2.6.4.
-SID Database system identifier
-PORT Port number for the listener servicing the database
-ORACLE_HOME Database Oracle Home, as an absolute path
-LISTENER_OH Oracle Home from where the listener is running. If the listener is running from an Oracle Home other than the one on which the database is running, the parameter LISTENER_OH must be specified.
-HOST_USER Host machine user name (for automatic backup)
-HOST_USER_PWD Host machine user password (for automatic backup)
-BACKUP_SCHEDULE Schedule in the form of "HH:MM" (for daily automatic backups)
-EMAIL_ADDRESS E-mail address for notifications
-MAIL_SERVER_NAME Outgoing Mail (SMTP) server for notifications
-ASM_OH Automatic Storage Management Oracle Home
-ASM_SID System identifier for ASM instance
-ASM_PORT Port number for the listener servicing the ASM instance
-ASM_USER_ROLE User role for connecting to the ASM instance
-ASM_USER_NAME User name for connecting to the ASM instance
-ASM_USER_PWD Password for connecting to the ASM instance
-DBSNMP_PWD Password for DBSNMP user
-SYSMAN_PWD Password for SYSMAN user
-SYS_PWD Password for SYS user
-SRC_OH Oracle Home of the database with Enterprise Manager configuration to be upgraded/restored
-DBCONTROL_HTTP_PORT Use this parameter to specify the port you use to display the Database Control Console in your Web browser. For more information, refer to Section 1.2.6.6.
-AGENT_PORT Use this parameter to specify the Management Agent port for Database Control. For more information, refer to Section 1.2.6.6.
-RMI_PORT Use this parameter to specify the RMI port for Database Control. For more information, refer to Section 1.2.6.6.
-JMS_PORT Use this parameter to specify the JMS port for Database Control. For more information, refer to Section 1.2.6.6.
-CLUSTER_NAME Cluster name (for cluster databases)
-DB_UNIQUE_NAME Database unique name (for cluster databases)
-SERVICE_NAME Database service name (for cluster databases)
-EM_NODE Node from which Database Control console is to be run (for cluster databases). For more information, refer to Section 1.2.6.5.
-EM_SID_LIST Comma-separated list of SIDs for agent-only configurations, uploading data to –EM_NODE. For more information, refer to Section 1.2.6.5.

1.2.6.4 Using an Input File for EMCA Parameters
Instead of answering a series of prompts when you run EMCA, you can use the -respFile argument to specify an input file. The input file you create must be in a format similar to the following example:
PORT=1521
SID=DB
DBSNMP_PWD=xpE234D
SYSMAN_PWD=KDOdk432

After you create an EMCA input file, you can use it on the command line as follows:
$PROMPT> ./emca -config dbcontrol db -respFile input_file_path

For example, to configure the Database Control to perform daily backups and create the Database Control Management Repository, create an input file similar to the one shown in and enter the following command at the operating system prompt:
$PROMPT> ./emca -config dbcontrol db -repos create -backup -respFile input_file_path
Example 1-1 EMCA Input File that Configures Database Control for Automatic Backup and Creates the Database Control Management Repository
PORT=1521
SID=DB
DBSNMP_PWD=dow3l224
SYSMAN_PWD=squN3243
HOST_USER=johnson
HOST_USER_PWD=diTf32of
SYS_PWD=qlKj4352
BACKUP_SCHEDULE=06:30

http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/B19306_01/em.102/b40002/structure.htm#sthref73

BUSINESS ETHIC AND VALUE : EVOLUTION OF MORAL AND ETHICAL THOUGHTS

2009-11-29T23:35:00.000-08:00

EVOLUTION OF MORAL AND ETHICAL THOUGHTS
-ANCIENT PHILOSOPHY
-RELIGIONS AND CUSTOMS
-RATIONALIST PHILOSOPHY
-CONTEMPORARY THOUGHTS

ANCIENT PHILOSOPHY
-The Beginning of Ethical Thoughts
-Virtue Ethics
-Cultivating Virtues and Education

The Beginning of Ethical Thoughts
-The ethical thoughts Socrates and Plato are believed to mold the early principles of ethics
-Socrates' ethical thoughts are important in bringing out the correct insights and conscience in men.
-According to Socrates, the decision-making process goes through four levels to ensure an ethical decision is made:
--reasoning and deliberation
--reflect
--choice
--aware of responsibility
-Socrates added that a good person is a rational individual.
-In order to be a rational individual, a person's personality and character is important.
-Knowledge plays an important role in shaping and developing a person's personality.
-According to Socrates, ethical thoughts begin when we are guided by conscience.
-According to Plato, the foundation of being ethical is the understanding of what a good life is and what is right.
-He believes that evil is due to lack of knowledge. This means that if a person is aware of good actions and understands what a good life is, then he is moving towards being an ethical person. If he lacks knowledge, he will not be able to distinguish the right from the wrong, which could cause him to do wrong.

The ethical thoughts of Plato:
-knowledge
-nature of good life
-developing virtuous habits and mental powers
-guidance
-goodness

Plato also pointed out that men do not have a simple essence or form. They are made up of several elements with their own natural capacity and function. According to Plato, men have three main elements. They are:
-the power to use language and to reason (highest level)
-the spirited element or the emotional drives (intermediate level)
-bodily appetites, desires, and needs (bottom level)
----Tripartite Theory----

Virtue Ethics
-In the simplest terms, virtue is something good while vice is not
-According to Aristotle, the foundation of morality and/or virtues is the development of good character traits. This entails that a good person has virtues and lacks vices.
-So, virtue here refers to good traits or characteristics such as courage, fairness, and honesty while vice refers to bad character traits like unfairness, cowardice and vanity.
-Ethics of virtues based on Aristotelian approach stresses the importance of judgement, virtues, and the character of an individual
-In Aristotelian ethics, the meaning of virtue is excellence in life and the development of a person towards becoming a morally good person.
-Virtue is divided into two categories as such:
--intellectual - philosophical wisdom, understanding and reasoning, and
--moral - self control of bodily desires and temptations by reason or intellect.
-According to Aristotle, humans are looked at as rational social beings that communicate and are always in touch with the society. The character of a person is the combination of his or her virtues and vices. This is because the virtues and vices will influence how we react to situations and problems and how we make decisions.

Cultivating Virtues and Education
-"We are what we repeatedly do. Excellence, then, is not an act but a habit." - Aristotle (384-322 B.C.)
-Virtue cultivation and education is necessary to ensure that ethical decisions are made and ethical principles followed
-Moral virtues are portrayed through habits and behavior. So, to instill moral virtues, one has to learn the virtues and practice them
-Intellectual virtues consist of philosophical knowledge, wisdom and understanding. These virtues are instilled through education.

RELIGIONS AND CUSTOMS
-Islamic ethics
-Christian ethics
-Confucian ethics
-Hindu ethics
-Buddhist ethics
-Similar values in religions

Islamic Ethics
-Islam is a religion that was brought to the people of the world through Allah's messengers and Prophet Muhammad (p.b.u.h.) is known to be the Final Messenger
-It believes in the oneness, uniqueness, incomparability and mercifulness of the one god, Allah
-The Qur'an and Hadiths serve as guides to Muslim ethical codes
-The foremost requirements of being Muslims are belief in the five pillars of Islam and the six pillars of faith
Ethical values in Islam:
--accountability for own actions,
--helping the poor,
--equality regardless of race, gender and economic or social status,
--sincerity and honesty, and
--respect of others.

Christian Ethics
-Jesus first brought the religion to the people of the world through his teachings in the Bible
-Sources of Christian ethics; Pastoral ethics and Church ethics
-In terms of application, Christian ethics covers areas like family, marriage, economy, and politics, which aims at individual and social well being.

A few examples of good deed according to Christian ethics are:
--feeding the hungry,
--clothing the poor, and
--basically helping out other Christians.

Some of those negatively granted are:
--stealing,
--adultery,
--lying, and
--killing.

Confucian Ethics
-Confucius was born in Shantung, China in 551 B.C
-Confucius believed that spiritual satisfaction comes from harmony in nature
-According to Confucius, customs will never end and that a nation can be correctly guided only by customs, not by knowledge
-Confucius did not differentiate customs, morality and justice because he saw the three as having a clear common root
-Everything that is natural has its own place, role and importance and nothing can deny it
-Human relations are based on values like love, respect, loyalty, sacrifice, and trust

Hindu Ethics
-Four Sanskrit Vedas are believed to initiate Hinduism. The word Hindu is of ancient Persian origin
-Three main ethical concepts:

Dharma
duty to perform an action, carry out responsibilities without thinking about personal rewards. Work taken as sacred

Unpanishad
means to sacrifice for the organization/others

Karma
action will incur reaction
do good~ get rewards
do bad~ get punishment

Buddhist Ethics
Buddhism was founded by Siddhartha Gautama, also known as Buddha, which means the Enlightened
Ethics principles:
The Four Noble Truths:
concerns sufferings and the cessation of desire

The Noble Eightfold Path
concerns morality, meditation and wisdom

The Precept
refraining five things: causing injury; sexual immorality; falsehood; alcohol indulgence; stealing

The Four Noble Truths:
life is a suffering,
suffering is due to attachment
attachment can be overcome
there is a path for overcoming the attachment,

The Noble Eightfold Path:
Right View
Right Aspiration
Right Speech
Right Action
Right Livelihood
Right Effort
Right Mindfulness
Right Concentration.

Similar Values in Religions
-Support Good Ethics
-Be Responsible
-Uphold Justice
-Sustaining Human Relationships

RATIONALIST PHILOSOPHY
=Human thinking and reasoning are the bases for arriving at truth and in the same breath, right and wrong actions
=Rational theories:
Ethical Egoism - advocates individualistic decision-making
Utilitarian Principle - considers right and wrong actions based on the net benefits that the action brings to the society after taking into account the evaluation of all parties affected by the decision in terms of benefits and costs
Kantian Theory - we should carry out moral actions because it is our duty to do so and not because we want or are inclined to, or because the benefits outweigh the costs

CONTEMPORARY THOUGHTS
John Rawls - considered rights and obligations in his consequentialist theory of justice
Nozick - believed in the theory of entitlement, which partially says that everyone has the privilege to what they have acquired legally and justly
Ross - righteousness as important in fulfilling moral obligations or duties that are more urgent than others
Alisdair McIntyre - virtue or character is an acquired human quality that enables individuals to achieve happiness

TuneUp Utilities 2010

2009-11-29T20:33:00.001-08:00

TuneUp Utilities 2010 can quickly make your Windows operating system faster, easier to use, and more secure. And all operations performed on the operating system are completely safe, because all changes are monitored by TuneUp Rescue Center and can be undone at any time. All TuneUp Utilities modules can be accessed through a common interface that is divided into six categories. In addition, the main window also has three general buttons in a dark gray bar to the right at the top of the window. Pressing the first button starts the TuneUp Rescue Center module. The second button starts the TuneUp Update Wizard, which can be used to update TuneUp Utilities 2009 to the latest version over the Internet. The last button provides help and settings that you can use to customize the software package to meet your needs.

The new Start page
TuneUp Utilities 2010 welcomes you with a completely redesigned Start page, which tells you about the status of your computer. If problems or nonoptimal settings are found, you are only a mouse-click away from resolving them. The Start page also tells you when new tips for increasing computer performance are available and warns you if maintenance tasks are not being taken care of automatically. The Start page also shows you whether new automatic startup programs have been added to Windows since the last time you ran TuneUp Utilities. You can decide whether these programs that start up automatically are really necessary.

TuneUp Speed Optimizer
Which settings slow your computer down? Which unnecessary services or programs are running in the background? Is your Internet connection optimally configured? TuneUp Speed Optimizer knows the answers to all these questions. It examines your entire system for bottlenecks, superfluous background programs, and incorrect settings. Great: with just one click you can carry out most optimizations very quickly. In addition, TuneUp Speed Optimizer provides suggestions for speeding up your system.

TuneUp Shortcut Cleaner
Cleaning up your working environment is tedious: removing invalid shortcuts from the Start menu, the Desktop, and the Quick Launch bar is very time-consuming. TuneUp ShortCut Cleaner now does the work for you. It checks whether all shortcuts are valid and removes the orphaned ones with just a click of a button. At the same time, empty folders are removed from the Start menu. TuneUp ShortCut Cleaner also checks frequently used programs and cleans up the list of recently opened files.

Support for the Opera browser
After hard disk defragmentation, which we introduced in TuneUp Utilities 2009, the feature most requested by customers was support for the Opera browser. TuneUp Utilities 2010 now also includes full support for Opera. Via several special Opera settings, TuneUp System Control now allows you to change the number of Speed Dial entries, conveniently choose your default search engine, and reenable fast backward and forward navigation. Internet optimization lets you optimize Opera's performance for your Internet connection. Free up disk space lets you delete the Opera cache.

TuneUp Styler
Now you can also change the Vista logo animation which appears just before logon. You can download a whole series of great animations from the TuneUp website. Or, if you prefer, you can choose your own personal image to display while Vista starts up. With Vista, you can also add your own images to Vista's logon screen: With just a few mouse clicks you can create a truly personal logon experience.

TuneUp Uninstall Manager
Redesigned from the ground up, TuneUp Install Manager now runs much faster and has a new, even more intuitive interface so that it is even easier to uninstall unnecessary programs. Unnecessary programs often are forgotten because they were installed a long time ago and then not used. TuneUp Utilities 2009 shows you a list of programs not used for a long time so that you can target for uninstallation those applications that use valuable disk space and in certain circumstances even slow your system down.

TuneUp StartUp Manager
A smooth-running system results when there are no unnecessary autostart applications. The improved TuneUp Startup Manager organizes your programs into groups and provides clear explanations to make it easier for you to identify those programs that are not needed.New automatic startup programs are now highlighted so that you can disable unwanted entries more easily. System start tasks are now also listed in TuneUp StartUp Manager In Vista, in particular, scheduled tasks are used in place of autostart entries.

Free up disk space
The already rapid display of disk space to be freed up is now even faster on NTFS drives. And now it is so easy to delete even more unnecessary files, like the backup files for the first Windows Vista service pack and the Opera and Safari caches. The second "Free up disk space" module that helps you turn off Windows functions that use excessive disk space has also been enhanced. The Windows Search index can now be disabled and deleted with a single click. This makes particular sense if you are already using a different search engine. In addition, TuneUp Disk Space Explorer now runs faster and no longer requires that an entire drive be analyzed. You can now specify that only those folders be analyzed that you are really interested in.

Lots more improvements
Along with the totally new features, there are a series of improvements that are not immediately visible. There are small improvements like Tooltips in the main window, a substantial increase in the number of problems that can be found byTuneUp Registry Cleaner, and better progress feedback from TuneUp Drive Defrag. But there are also big improvements "under the hood". Two good examples are a completely reworked installation program and significant improvements in our update technology.

TuneUp Utilities 2009

2009-11-29T20:32:00.000-08:00

TuneUp Utilities 2009 can make your Windows operating system faster, more comfortable and more secure with just a few mouse clicks. And all operations performed on the operating system are completely safe, because all changes are monitored by TuneUp Rescue Center and can be undone at any time. All TuneUp Utilities modules can be accessed through a common interface that is divided into six categories.

The software helps both beginners and experts to make Windows meet their needs in a way that is better, easier and safer. All important system options are explained in an easy way and can be turned on or off at the click of your mouse. TuneUp Utilities 2009 will then make the necessary changes in the registry or boot files automatically. We place a high value on system stability, so that Windows won't stop working reliably. And most changes that you make can be undone in TuneUp Rescue Center - easily and safely.

The program also gives you many more options. In addition to helping you make Windows "better looking", you can also clean up and optimize your system at the click of a mouse. TuneUp Utilities 2009 will clean up unnecessary data from your hard disk and remove unnecessary entries from your registry. It can defragment your hard disk and registry and optimize your system settings to make Windows run substantially faster. Most of this maintenance is performed automatically every week by TuneUp 1-Click Maintenance.

Fast, Effective Windows Optimization
? One-click overview of your PC performance
? Quick analysis of your PC?s hardware, operating system, and programs
? Real performance increases, real fast
? Easy-to-understand help functions

Intelligent Windows Optimization Built in for Every PC
? Intelligent recommendations for your unique PC optimization
? Identifies your personal settings and protects them
? Highlights your PC?s optimization potential, including unused programs and resource-draining settings
? Recommends options and explains performance results before taking any action

Safe Windows Optimization
? Provides you with safe and effective optimization results
? Corrects all mistakes created from previous tuning attempts
? Comprehensive and easy rollback ability for any changes made to your PC

Perfectly Designed for Your Windows Operating System
? Automatically detects and configures for your operating system
? Ideal for XP and Vista (32/64 bit) users
? Designed to leverage the unique features within each operating system

Highlights of TuneUp Utilities 2009:
TuneUp Start page: Intuitive Layout, Easy to Use
* Provides quick and easy access to the most critical optimization functions
* A single yet comprehensive appraisal of your PC?s current performance and overall system health
TuneUp Speed Optimizer: Intelligent, Powerful Utility for any User Skill Level
* Easy optimization in just a few clicks
* Identifies unused programs and resource-draining functions
* Recommends tools for optimal PC performance
TuneUp 1-Click Maintenance: Automatic, Fast Optimization
* Enables one-click maintenance of the most important functions of your PC
* Cleans the Windows registry
* Deletes temporary files and folders
* Increases the system performance through integrated defragmentation
* Streamlines your desktop and simplifies folder shortcuts with one click

Improved Features of TuneUp Utilities 2009:
* TuneUp Drive Defrag: Intelligent defragmentation with new progress display
* TuneUp System Control: Supports Opera
* TuneUp Uninstall Manager: Intuitive uninstall options
* TuneUp Startup Manager: Increases the speed at the start-up of your PC
* TuneUp Styler: Expanded PC style options for Windows Vista (32/64 Bit)
* TuneUp Registry Cleaner: More powerful tool with in-depth view of your PC registry

Kaspersky Anti-Virus 2010

2009-11-29T20:31:00.001-08:00

The Kaspersky Anti-Virus 2009 application was designed to be the backbone of your PC's security system, offering protection from a range of IT threats.

Kaspersky Anti-Virus 2009 provides the basic tools needed to protect your PC.

Here are some key features of "Kaspersky Antivirus Personal":

Essential Protection

� Protects from viruses, Trojans and worms
� Blocks spyware and adware
� Scans files in real time (on access) and on demand
� Scans email messages (regardless of email client)
� Scans Internet traffic (regardless of browser)
� Protects instant messengers (ICQ, MSN)
� Provides proactive protection from unknown threats
� Scans Java and Visual Basic scripts

Preventive Protection

� Scans operating system and installed applications for vulnerabilities
� Analyzes and closes Internet Explorer vulnerabilities
� Disables links to malware sites
� Detects viruses based on the packers used to compress code
� Global threat monitoring (Kaspersky Security Network)

Advanced Protection & Recovery

� The program can be installed on infected computers
� Self-protection from being disabled or stopped
� Restores correct system settings after removing malicious software
� Tools for creating a rescue disk
� Data & Identity Theft Protection
� Disables links to fake (phishing) websites
� Blocks all types of keyloggers

Usability

� Automatic configuration during installation
� Wizards for common tasks
� Visual reports with charts and diagrams
� Alerts provide all the information necessary for informed user decisions
� Automatic or interactive mode
� Round-the-clock technical support
� Automatic database updates

Requirements:

� Intel Pentium 800 MHz 32 bit (x86) / 64 bit (x64) or higher (or equivalent)
� 512 MB available RAM
� 50 MB free space on the hard drive
� CD-ROM (for installation of the program from CD)
� computer mouse
� Internet connection (for product activation)
� Microsoft Internet Explorer 5.5 or higher (for downloading updates)
� Microsoft Windows Installer 2.0

What's New in This Release:

� FIXES
� Problem with system instability after long period of program operation has been fixed.
� Error causing BSOD while updating the emulator driver has been fixed.
� Pop-up message in the URL checking module has been fixed (for the Spanish version).
� Problem with pausing the scan task while third party programs are running in full-screen mode has been fixed.
� Problem with the update task freezing at system startup has been fixed.
� Vulnerability that allowed disabling of computer protection using an external script has been eliminated.
� Driver crash in rare cases while processing a write operation has been fixed.
� Crash while processing data incompliant with the protocol of Mail.Ru Agent has been fixed.

� MAIN KNOWN ISSUES
� If a threat in OLE object is detected, the application does not suggest user to perform disinfection. Possible actions in this case � place file to quarantine or delete it.
� Web Anti-Virus does not notify user about the downloaded files.

Kaspersky Internet Security 2010

2009-11-29T20:27:00.000-08:00

Kaspersky Internet Security 2010 is the backbone of your PC's security system, offering protection from a range of IT threats. Kaspersky Anti-Virus 2010 provides the basic tools needed to protect your PC.

Kaspersky Internet Security 2010 is the all-in-one security solution that offers a worry-free computing environment for you and your family. Kaspersky Internet Security 2010 has everything you need for a safe and secure Internet experience. Kaspersky Internet Security 9.0 that is a new line of Kaspersky Labs products, which is designed for the multi-tiered protection of personal computers. This product is based on in-house protection components, which are based on variety of technologies for maximum levels of user protection regardless of technical competencies. This product utilizes several technologies, which were jointly developed by Kaspersky Labs and other companies; part of them is implemented via online-services.

Our products for home and home office are specifically designed to provide hassle-free and quality protection against viruses, worms and other malicious programs, as well as hacker attacks, spam and spyware.

During product preparation several competitor offerings were considered and analyzed - firewalls, security suites systems, which position themselves as proactive in defence and HIPS systems. Combination of in-hosue innovative developments and results from analysis gathered through the industry allowed to jump onto a new level of protection for personal users, whereby offering even more hardened and less annoying computer protection from all types of electronic threats and malicious programs of different types, hacker attacks, spam mailings, program-root kits, phishing emails, advertisement popup windows etc.

Kaspersky Internet Security 2010 All Features:

Essential Protection:
* Protects from viruses, Trojans and worms
* Blocks spyware and adware
* Scans files in real time (on access) and on demand
* Scans email messages (regardless of email client)
* Scans Internet traffic (regardless of browser)
* Protects instant messengers (ICQ, MSN)
* Provides proactive protection from unknown threats
* Scans Java and Visual Basic scripts

Extended Protection:
* Two-way personal firewall
* Safe Wi-Fi and VPN connections
* Intrusion prevention system
* Intelligent application management and control
o automatically configured application rules
o security rating is assigned to unknown applications
o access to the userâ€™s resources and data is restricted for unknown applications

Preventive Protection:
* Scans operating system and installed applications for vulnerabilities
* Analyzes and closes Internet Explorer vulnerabilities
* Disables links to malware sites
* Detects viruses based on the packers used to compress code
* Global threat monitoring (Kaspersky Security Network)

Advanced Protection & Recovery:
* The program can be installed on infected computers
* Self-protection from being disabled or stopped
* Restores correct system settings after removing malicious software
* Tools for creating a rescue disk

Data & Identity Theft Protection:
* Disables links to fake (phishing) websites
* Blocks all types of keyloggers
* Virtual keyboard is provided for safely entering logins and passwords
* Prevents the theft of data exchanged via secure connections (HTTPS / SSL)
* Blocks unauthorized dial-up connections
* Cleans up any traces of user activity (deletes temporary files, cookies etc.)

Content Filtering:
* Parental control
* Improved antispam protection (plugins for Microsoft Outlook, Microsoft Outlook Express, The Bat!, Thunderbird)
* Blocks banners on web pages

Usability:
* Automatic configuration during installation
* Wizards for common tasks
* Visual reports with charts and diagrams
* Alerts provide all the information necessary for informed user decisions
* Automatic or interactive mode
* Round-the-clock technical support
* Automatic database updates

OS: Windows 2000/XP/Vista/Seven
http://www.kaspersky.com

week 2 : asp.net

2009-11-29T20:15:00.000-08:00

Caching ASP.NET applications
----------------------------

Caching asp.net applications improve the performance.

Dim strprod As String

Dim strSelect As String

Dim con As OleDbConnection

Dim cmd As OleDbCommand

Dim dr As OleDbDataReader

strprod= Request.Param("PID")

if strprod = Nothing then

strprod=1

End if

con = New OleDbConnection("Provider=Microsoft.jet.OLEDB.4.0;

Data Source=c:\Nwind.mdb"))

strSelect = "select * from Products where productdID= "

& strprod

cmd = New OleDbCommand(strSelect, con)

con.Open()
dr = cmd.ExecuteReader()
GridView1.DataSource = dr
GridView1.DataBind()

dr.Close()

con.Close()
-----------------------------------------------------------

Use the same procedure for the authors table of pubs database

with state as Varying parameter

--------------------------------------------------------
Protected Sub btn_WriteCookies_Click(ByVal sender As Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles btn_WriteCookies.Click

Response.Cookies("userName").Value = txtcookie_name.Text

Response.Cookies("userName").Expires =

DateTime.Now.AddDays(1)

End Sub

-------------------------------------------------------------
If Not Request.Cookies("userName") Is Nothing Then

txtcookie_name.Text =

server.HtmlEncode(Request.Cookies("userName").Value)

txtcookie_expired.Text =

Server.HtmlEncode(Request.Cookies("userName").Expires)

End If
--------------------------------------
Protected Sub btn_deleteCookies_Click(ByVal sender As Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles btn_deleteCookies.Click

If Not Request.Cookies("userName") Is Nothing Then

Response.Cookies("userName").Expires =

DateTime.Now.AddDays(-1D)

End If

End Sub

----------------------------------------------------

Dim con As OleDbConnection

Dim cmd As OleDbCommand

con = New OleDbConnection("Provider=Microsoft.jet.OLEDB.4.0;

Data Source=c:\pubs.mdb")

con.Open()

cmd = New OleDbCommand(txtquery.Text.ToString, con)

GridView1.DataSource = cmd.ExecuteReader()

GridView1.DataBind()

con.Close()

INNER JOIN:

LIST RECORDS ONLY IF THERE IS A MATCHING ON BOTH SIDES.

[ WHERE CLASS ]

LEFT JOIN

LIST ALL RECORDS FROM THE LEFT TABLE , EVEN

THERE IS NO MATCHING ON RIGHT TABLE

[ ON CLASS ]

RIGHT JOIN

LIST ALL RECORDS FROM THE RIGTH TABLE , EVEN

THERE IS NO MATCHING ON LEFT TABLE

[ ON CLASS ]

SELF JOIN

A TABLE JOINS TO ITSELF IS KNOWN AS

SELF JOIN

SELECT e.EMPID , e.EMPNAME "EMPLOYEE NAME" ,

m.EMPNAME "MANAGERS NAME"

FROM EMP e , EMP m

WHERE e.MGRID = m.EMPID

------------------------------------------------------------

web configuration file
------------------------

each web page has web configuration file.

Parameters can be intialized or modified in the

web configuration file.

web configuration file is an xml file.

----------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------

Imports System.Configuration
---------------------------------------------------------

Dim str As String = ""

Dim con As SqlConnection

Dim cmd As SqlCommand

str = ConfigurationSettings.AppSettings("constring")

con = New SqlConnection(str)

cmd = New SqlCommand("select * from emp", con)

con.Open()

GridView1.DataSource = cmd.ExecuteReader

GridView1.DataBind()

con.Close()

------------------------------------------------------------

change the web config file for the

ms-access database. display authors table

in the grid view format.
----------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------
Dim con As OleDbConnection

Dim cmd As OleDbCommand

Dim str As String

str = ConfigurationSettings.AppSettings("constring")

con = New OleDbConnection(str)

cmd = New OleDbCommand("select * from authors", con)

con.Open()

GridView1.DataSource = cmd.ExecuteReader

GridView1.DataBind()
con.Close()
--------------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------
imports system.data.oledb
imports system.data.sqlclient
imports system.configuration
-------------------------------------------------------------
Dim conaccess As OleDbConnection
Dim consqlserver As sqlconnection

Dim cmdaccess As OleDbCommand
Dim cmdsqlcommand As SqlCommand

Dim str1, str2 As String

str1 = ConfigurationSettings.AppSettings("conaccessstr")
str2 = ConfigurationSettings.AppSettings("consqlserverstr")

conaccess = New OleDbConnection(str1)
consqlserver = New SqlConnection(str2)

cmdaccess=New OleDbCommand("select * from authors", conaccess)
cmdsqlcommand=New SqlCommand("Select * from emp", consqlserver)

conaccess.Open()
consqlserver.Open()

GridView1.DataSource = cmdaccess.ExecuteReader
GridView1.DataBind()

GridView2.DataSource = cmdsqlcommand.ExecuteReader
GridView2.DataBind()

conaccess.Close()
consqlserver.Close()
---------------------- End of Connection String---------------

------------------------Break Time ---------------------------

Error Handling or Exceptional Handlings
---------------------------------------

Dim con As SqlConnection

Dim cmd As SqlCommand

con = New SqlConnection("server=localhost ;uid=sa;

pwd=dbexpert;database=dbx; Connection Timeout=15")

cmd = New sqlcommand("Select * from products" , con)

try

con.open()

gridview1.datasource = cmd.executeReader()

gridview1.databind()

con.close()

Catch

Response.write("we are sorry , Server is down ")

End try

----------------------End of Today-----------------------
_

Public Function CTOF(ByVal C As Double)

As double

Return (C * 1.8 + 32)

End Function
------------------------------------------------

_

Public Function FTOC(ByVal F As Double)

As double

Return (F - 32) / 1.8

End Function

---------------------------------------------------
_

Public Function TotalMarks(ByVal x As Integer,

ByVal y As Integer,

ByVal z As Integer) As Integer

Return (x + y + z)

End Function

------------------------------------------------------------

write webmethod area_circle

to find the area of circle for a given radius (r)

r is double , return value is also double

---------------------------------------------------------

use dbx

go

create table userlist

( u_id int not null identity ,

u_username varchar(25) ,

u_password varchar(25) )

----------------------------------------------------

identity is a constraint , incremented by 1

everytime , whenever we insert a record
-----------------------------------------------------

insert into userlist (u_username,u_password)

values('dbexpert' , 'abc123')
------------------------------------------------------

insert into userlist (u_username,u_password)

values('sam' , 'secret')
------------------------------------------------------

delete from userlist

--------------------------------------------------------
Dim con As SqlConnection

Dim cmd As SqlCommand

LBLmessage.Text = ""

Dim found As Integer = 0

con = New SqlConnection("server=localhost;uid=sa;pwd=dbexpert;database=dbx")

cmd = New SqlCommand("select count(*) from userlist where u_username=@name

and u_password =@pwd", con)

con.Open()

cmd.Parameters.AddWithValue("@name", txtUserName.Text)

cmd.Parameters.AddWithValue("@pwd", txtPassword.Text)

found = cmd.ExecuteScalar()

If found > 0 Then

Response.Redirect("welcome.aspx")

Else
LBLmessage.Text = "Invalid username / password"
End If

con.Close()

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

Dim con As SqlConnection

Dim cmdfound As SqlCommand

Dim cmdinsert As sqlcommand

Dim found As Integer = 0

Dim rec As Integer =0

LBLmessage.Text = ""

con = New SqlConnection("server=localhost;uid=sa;pwd=dbexpert;database=dbx")

cmdfound = new sqlcommand("select count(*) from userlist

where u_username = @name" ,con)

con.open()

cmdfound.parameters.addwithvalue("@name" , txtnewusername.text)

found = cmdfound.executescalar()

if found > 0 then

lblmessage.text ="Use Name alreay in the database ,try different name"

else

cmd = New SqlCommand("insert into userlist (u_username,u_password)

values( @name ,@pwd)", con)

cmd.Parameters.AddWithValue("@name", txtnewUserName.Text)

cmd.Parameters.AddWithValue("@pwd", txtnewPassword.Text)

rec = cmd.executeNonQuery()

if rec > 0 then

LBLmessage.Text = "Ur Name is registered "

Response.redirect("default.aspx")

End If

con.Close()
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

Dim con As SqlConnection

Dim cmdfound As SqlCommand

Dim cmdinsert As SqlCommand

Dim found As Integer = 0

Dim rec As Integer = 0

LBLmessage.Text = ""

con = New SqlConnection("server=localhost;uid=sa;pwd=dbexpert;database=dbx")

cmdfound = New SqlCommand("select count(*) from userlist

where u_username = @name", con)

con.Open()

cmdfound.Parameters.AddWithValue("@name", txtnewusername.Text)

found = cmdfound.ExecuteScalar()

If found > 0 Then

LBLmessage.Text = "Use Name alreay in the database ,try different name"

Else

cmdinsert = New SqlCommand("insert into userlist (u_username,u_password) values( @name ,@pwd)", con)

cmdinsert.Parameters.AddWithValue("@name", txtnewusername.Text)

cmdinsert.Parameters.AddWithValue("@pwd", txtnewpassword.Text)

rec = cmdinsert.ExecuteNonQuery()

If rec > 0 Then

LBLmessage.Text = "Ur Name is registered "

Response.Redirect("default.aspx")

End If

End If

con.Close()

week 1 : asp.net

2009-11-29T20:00:00.000-08:00

1. Label [ Radius of circle ]

2. Text box[ txtrad ] - to enter value for radius

3. Button -[ Area & circum ] BTN_ARE_CIR

-----------------------------------------------

txtarea.Text = 3.14 * txtrad.Text * txtrad.Text

txtcir.Text = 2 * 3.14 * txtrad.Text

------------------------------------------------

whenever if we change the value of text ,

textchanged event is executed on its own.

--------------------------------------------------

Performing form validation with Validation Controls
---------------------------------------------------

By providing validation controls , we can

reduce the error made by the user. Errors are

reduced considerably , but not guaranteed that

we can elimiate 100 % errors.

Keeping more controls reduced the error levels

but at the same time , speed will be reduced.

1. server side validation[vb.net

2. client side validation[vbscript, javascript]

Server side validation

Demerits : network traffic , can not get thru,

Most of the time server busy in validation

Merits : More secured. No one can bypass the

validation

Client side:
------------

Demerits: Not secured. Smart programmers can by pass

the validation

merits : less network traffic

server side validation controls
-------------------------------

REQUIRED FIELD VALIDATOR

REGULAR EXPRESSION VALIDATOR

COMPARE VALIDATOR

RANGE VALIDATOR

VALIDATIONSUMMARY CONTROL VALIDATOR

CUSTOM VALIDATOR

REQUIRED FIELD VALIDATOR
------------------------

Used to check whether field is empty or not

Properties :

ControlToValidate

Text

Isvalid : Has the valid true when the validation

check succeeds and false otherwise

Compare Validator
-----------------

Performs comparisons between the data entered

into a form field and another value.

The other value can be fixed value , such

as particular number or value entered into another

control.

Properties :

ControlToValidate ,ControlToCompare,

IsValid , Operator , type , text

value to compare.

VALIDATIONS

1. Amount field shoul not be empty.

2. Entererd value must be more than 2300.

Include Neccessary validation controls to

achieve the two goas 1 and 2

hint: use Required field validator for

the validation 1.

Use compare validator for validation 2

ControlToValidate = txtamt

ValueToCompare = 2300

type = Money

Operator = Greater than

text = Must be greater than 2300

--------------------------------------------------------

REGULAR EXPRESSION - CONTROL
----------------------------

This is used to validate like phone number ,

email address, postal code , code number etc.

Property : controlToValidate , text

, ValidationExpression.

symbols used
-------------

[ ] - Range

[0-4] -Can be any numbers form 0 to 4.

{ } - Exact length

{2} - Exact length 2

+ - one or more characters

* - zero or more characters

--------------------------------------------------------

P[0-9]{4}- P followed by 4 digits lenth

[pP][0-9]{4} - Either lower case p or Upper case P

followed by 4 digits lenth

[^0][0-9]{4}

[^0] = not zero included

[^0^a-z^A-Z][0-9]{4}

----------------------------------------------------

RangeValidator:

Property : controlTovalidate , type , text ,

MinimumValue , MaximumValue

------------------------------------------------------

Dim con As OleDbConnection

Dim cmd As OleDbCommand

Dim dr As OleDbDataReader

con = New OleDbconnection("Provider=Microsoft.jet.OLEDB.4.0;

Data Source=c:\pubs.mdb")
con.open()

cmd = New oledbcommand("Select au_lname ,STATE

from authors WHERE STATE='CA' " ,con)

dr = cmd.ExecuteReader()

while dr.read()

Response.write("

")

Response.write(dr("au_lname")+ " ")

Response.write(dr("STATE"))

End While

dr.close()

con.close()
---------------------------------------------------

List au_lname , STATE from authors table who stay

in state "CA"

SELECT AU_LNAME , STATE FROM AUTHORS WHERE STATE="CA"

--------------------------------------------------------

ExecuteScalar is used to if it fetches only one record,

Example: count , min , max , total

avg .. etc

select count(*) from authors - Returns total records

in the table.

select min(salary) from authors - Returns minimum salary

in the table.

------------------------------------------------------

question 3 : Display the number of records from

the authors table of pubs database.

Output

There are 23 records in the authors table

-------------------------------------------------------

Dim con As OleDbConnection

Dim cmd As OleDbCommand

con = New OleDbConnection("Provider=Microsoft.jet.OLEDB.4.0;

Data Source=c:\pubs.mdb")

con.Open()

cmd = New OleDbCommand("select count(*) from authors", con)

LBLCOUNT.Text = cmd.ExecuteScalar()

con.Close()

--------------------------------------------------------

Display au_lname , state those who stay

in any one of the states (CA ,KS,IN)

-------------------------------------------------------

Dim con As OleDbConnection

Dim cmd As OleDbCommand

con = New OleDbConnection("Provider=Microsoft.jet.OLEDB.4.0;

Data Source=c:\pubs.mdb")

con.Open()

cmd = New OleDbCommand("select * from titles ", con)

GV1.DataSource = cmd.ExecuteReader()

GV1.DataBind()

con.Close()
----------------------------------------------------------

Dim con As OleDbConnection

Dim cmd As OleDbCommand

con = New OleDbConnection("Provider=Microsoft.jet.OLEDB.4.0;

Data Source=c:\pubs.mdb")

con.Open()

cmd = new oledbcommand("select phone from authors

where au_fname=@fname and au_lname =@lname" ,con)

cmd.parameters.add("@fname" , txtfname.text)

cmd.parameters.add("@lname" , txtlname.text)

txtphone.text = cmd.executescalar()

con.close()
-----------------------------------------------------------
fname = ann
lastname = dull

----------------------------------------------------------

Dim con As OleDbConnection

Dim cmd As OleDbCommand

con = New OleDbConnection("Provider=Microsoft.jet.OLEDB.4.0;

Data Source=c:\pubs.mdb")

con.Open()

cmd = New OleDbCommand("select * from titles where type =@type", con)

cmd.Parameters.Add("@type", txttype.Text)

GV1.DataSource = cmd.ExecuteReader()

GV1.DataBind()

con.Close()

--------------------------------------------------
update statement
----------------

we want to update phone field of authors table with

new phone number for a given first name and last name

update table_name set field = value

where condition

UPDATE authors set phone = @newPhone

where au_fname=@fname and au_lname=@lname
----------------------------------------------

executeNonQuery is a method used to insert , update

and for delete statements

cmd.executeNonquery()

----------------------------------------------------
Dim con As OleDbConnection

Dim cmd As OleDbCommand

Dim cnt As Integer = 0

con = New OleDbConnection("Provider=Microsoft.jet.OLEDB.4.0;

Data Source=c:\pubs.mdb")

con.Open()

cmd = New OleDbCommand("update authors set phone=@phone

where au_fname=@fname and au_lname=@lname", con)

cmd.Parameters.AddWithValue("@phone", txtphone.Text)

cmd.Parameters.AddWithValue("@fname", txtfname.Text)

cmd.Parameters.AddWithValue("@lname", txtlname.Text)

cnt = cmd.ExecuteNonQuery()

Response.Write(cnt)

Response.Write(" " + "record(s) updated")

con.close()
--------------------------------------------------------------

Dim con As OleDbConnection

Dim cmd As OleDbCommand

Dim cnt As Integer = 0

con = New OleDbConnection("Provider=Microsoft.jet.OLEDB.4.0;

Data Source=c:\pubs.mdb")

con.Open()

cmd = New OleDbCommand("SELECT PHONE FROM AUTHORS

where au_fname=@fname and au_lname=@lname", con)

cmd.Parameters.AddWithValue("@fname", txtfname.Text)

cmd.Parameters.AddWithValue("@lname", txtlname.Text)

txtphone.Text = cmd.ExecuteScalar()

con.close()
--------------------------------------------------------------

con.Open()

cmd = New OleDbCommand("select * from asp where

id = @id", con)

cmd.Parameters.AddWithValue("@id", txtID.Text)

dr = cmd.ExecuteReader

dr.Read()

txtLname.Text = dr("lastname")

txtState.Text = dr("stateorprovince")

txtCountry.Text = dr("country")

txtMobile.Text = dr("MobilePhone")

con.Close()
-----------------------------------------------

cmd = New OleDbCommand("insert into asp

(lastname , stateorprovince,country,mobilephone)

values(@lname ,@state,@country,@mobile)", con)

cmd.parameters.addwithvalue("@lastname" , txtlname.text)

cmd.parameters.addwithvalue("@state" , txtstate.text)

cmd.parameters.addwithvalue("@country" , txtcountry.text)

cmd.parameters.addwithvalue("@mobile , txtmobile.text)

cmd.executeNonquery

con.close()

--------------------------------------------------------

delete statement is used to delete record(s)

syntax:

delete from table_name where condition

delete from asp where id= @id

-------------------------------------------------

lblMessage.Text = ""

Dim cnt As Integer = 0

lblMessage.text =""

con.Open()

cmd = New OleDbCommand("DELETE FROM ASP WHERE ID =@ID", con)

cmd.Parameters.AddWithValue("@ID", txtID.Text)

cnt = cmd.ExecuteNonQuery

If (cnt > 0) Then

lblMessage.Text = "Record has been Deleted successfully"

Else

lblMessage.Text = "No Record Has been found"

End If

con.Close()
--------------------------------------------------------------

lblMessage.Text = ""

Dim cnt As Integer = 0

con.Open()

cmd = New OleDbCommand("Update asp set mobilephone=@phone",

con)

cmd.Parameters.AddWithValue("@phone", txtMobile.Text)

cnt = cmd.ExecuteNonQuery

If (cnt > 0) Then

lblMessage.Text = "Phone No has been Deleted successfully"

Else

lblMessage.Text = "No Record Has been found"

End If

con.Close()

------------------------------------------------

Protected Sub BTN_UPDATE_Click(ByVal sender As Object,

ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles BTN_UPDATE.Click

lblMessage.Text = ""

Dim cnt As Integer = 0

con.Open()

cmd = New OleDbCommand("Update asp

set mobilephone=@phone where id=@id", con)

cmd.Parameters.AddWithValue("@phone", txtMobile.Text)

cmd.Parameters.AddWithValue("@id", txtID.Text)

cnt = cmd.ExecuteNonQuery

If (cnt > 0) Then

lblMessage.Text = "Phone No has been updatedsuccessfully"

Else

lblMessage.Text = "No Record Has been found"

End If

con.Close()

End Sub

----------------------------------------------------------
Protected Sub BTN_QUERY_Click(ByVal sender As Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles BTN_QUERY.Click

con.Open()

lblMessage.Text = " "

txtLname.Text = ""

txtState.Text = " "

txtCountry.Text = " "

txtMobile.Text = " "

cmd = New OleDbCommand("select * from asp where id = @id",

con)

cmd.Parameters.AddWithValue("@id", txtID.Text)

dr = cmd.ExecuteReader

If dr.HasRows Then

dr.Read()

txtLname.Text = dr("lastname")

txtState.Text = dr("stateorprovince")

txtCountry.Text = dr("country")

txtMobile.Text = dr("MobilePhone")

Else

lblMessage.Text = "No Record Found"

End If

con.Close()
End Sub

Dim l1, l2, l3, l4 As Integer

l1 = (txtLname.Text).Length
l2 = (txtState.Text).Length
l3 = (txtCountry.Text).Length
l4 = (txtMobile.Text).Length

If (l1 > 0) And (l2 > 0) And (l3 > 0) And (l4 > 0) Then

cmd = New OleDbCommand("insert into asp

(lastname , stateorprovince,country,mobilephone)

values(@lname ,@state,@country,@mobile)", con)

cmd.Parameters.AddWithValue("@lastname", txtLname.Text)

cmd.Parameters.AddWithValue("@state", txtState.Text)

cmd.Parameters.AddWithValue("@country", txtCountry.Text)

cmd.Parameters.AddWithValue("@phone", txtMobile.Text)

cmd.ExecuteNonQuery()

Else

lblMessage.Text = "Data is blank and CAN NOT INSERTED"

End If

con.Close()

-------------------------------------------

create table db in MOHR database.

table contains the following columns

1. ICNO

2. NAME

3. SEX

---------------------------------------------

1. WRITE AN INTERFACE TO INSERT A RECORD

con.Open()

lblMESSAGE.Text = ""

cmd = New OleDbCommand("INSERT INTO DB (ICNO ,NAME, SEX)

VALUES (@IC ,@NAME, @SEX)", con)

cmd.Parameters.AddWithValue("@ic", txtICNO.Text)

cmd.Parameters.AddWithValue("@name", txtNAME.Text)

cmd.Parameters.AddWithValue("@sex", txtSEX.Text)

rec=cmd.ExecuteNonQuery

if (rec > 0 ) then

lblMessage.text="Record has been inserted Successfully"

else

lblMessage.text ="Record is not inserted"

End if

----------------------------------------------------------
Dim REC As Integer = 0

lblMESSAGE.Text = ""

con.Open()

cmd = New OleDbCommand(" SELECT * FROM DB WHERE ICNO=@NO", con)

cmd.Parameters.AddWithValue("@NO", txtICNO.Text)

dr = cmd.ExecuteReader

If dr.HasRows Then

DR.READ()

txtNAME.Text = dr("NAME")

TxtSEX.Text = dr("SEX")
else

lblMESSAGE.Text = "NO RECORD FOUND"

txtname.text=" "

txtsex.text=" "

End If

con.Close()

Data Binding
------------

Loading of items to the controls at the

runtime is known as DATA BINDING.

Controls can be DropDownList , ListBox , Checkbox List

and RadioButton List
-------------------------------------------------

Dim con As OleDbConnection

Dim cmd As OleDbCommand

Dim dr As OleDbDataReader

con = New OleDbConnection("Provider=Microsoft.jet.OLEDB.4.0;

Data Source=c:\pubs.mdb")

con.Open()

Cmd = New OleDbCommand("select au_lname from authors", con)

dr = cmd.ExecuteReader

DDL1.DataSource = dr

DDL1.DATATEXTFIELD ="au_lname"

DDL1.DataBind()

DR.CLOSE()

con.Close()

End Sub
---------------------------------------------------------

Control : DropDownList - DDL2

DATABASE : PUBS

TABLE : AUTHORS

FIELD : STATE

DDL2 is binded to state field

---------------------------------------------------------

Order by field_name asc :sorting by ascending order

order by field_name :sorting by ascending order

Order by field_name desc :sorting by descending order

-----------------------------------------------------------
Control List : =RadioButton List

database = Nwind

Table = CATEGORIES

fieldname = CATEGORYNAME
-
-----------------------------------------------------------

Binding to checkboxList
-----------------------

Control : checkboxlist

Database : pubs

table : Titles

Field : Title

------------------------------------------------------------

Binding to ListBox Control
--------------------------

Control : ListBoxList

Database : NWIND

table : ProductName

Field : Products
---------------------------------------------------------- Understanding DataSets
----------------------

Unlike a DataReader , a dataset represents a disconnected

set of records.

Elements of datasets
--------------------

DataAdapter

DataSet

DataTable

DataRelation

DataView

- ---------------------------------------

dataset contains one or more datatables

Difference : database table and dataTable

DataAdapter : Class represents the bridge between

dataset and data source it. We use DataAdapter to

populate a dataset from an existing dataabase table.

---------------------------------------------------

Dim con As OleDbConnection

Dim dad As OleDbDataAdapter

Dim dst As DataSet

con = New OleDbConnection("Provider=Microsoft.jet.OLEDB.4.0;

Data Source=c:\NWIND.mdb")

dad = New OleDataAdapter("Select * from Products", con)

dst = New DataSet

dad.fill(dst ,"Products")

GV1.DataSource=dst

GV1.DataBind()

---------------------------------------------------------------

Server Authentication
---------------------

con = new sqlconnection("server=localhost; uid=sa ;pwd=sa;

database=pubs"
con.open()

--------------------------------------------------------------

windows authentication
----------------------
con = new SqlConnection("server=localhost ;

Integrated Security=SSPI;

Initial Catalog=Northwind" )

---------------------------------------------------------

Dim con As SqlConnection

Dim cmd As SqlCommand

Dim dr As SqlDataReader

con = new SqlConnection("server=localhost ;

Integrated Security=SSPI;

Initial Catalog=DBX")
con.Open()

cmd = New SqlCommand("select NAME from dbo.x", con)

dr = cmd.ExecuteReader()

While dr.Read()

Response.Write("

")
Response.Write(dr("NAME"))

End While
dr.Close()
con.Close()

End Sub

--------------------------------------------------------
Dim con As SqlConnection

Dim cmd As SqlCommand

Dim dr As SqlDataReader

con = New SqlConnection("Data Source=localhost;

Initial Catalog=Dbx;Integrated Security=SSPI")

con.Open()

cmd = New SqlCommand("select NAME from dbo.x", con)

dr = cmd.ExecuteReader()

While dr.Read()

Response.Write("

")

Response.Write(dr("NAME"))

End While

dr.Close()
con.Close()

End Sub
---------windows Authentication----------------------------

con = New SqlConnection("Data Source=localhost;

Initial Catalog=adventureworks;

Integrated Security=SSPI")

---------------server Authentication-------------------------

con = New SqlConnection("server=localhost;uid=vb;pwd=dbx;

database=adventureworks")

------------------------------------------------------------
Dim con As SqlConnection

Dim cmd As SqlCommand

Dim dr As SqlDataReader

con = New SqlConnection("Data Source=localhost;

Initial Catalog=adventureworks;

Integrated Security=SSPI")

' con = New SqlConnection("server=localhost;

' uid=mohr; pwd=dbx; database=adventureworks")

con.Open()

cmd = New SqlCommand("select FirstName from

Person.Contact", con)

dr = cmd.ExecuteReader()

While dr.Read()

Response.Write("

")

Response.Write(dr("FirstName"))

End While

dr.Close()

con.Close()

-------------------------------------------------------

question :

List EmployeeID , Title, MaritalStatus and sex

from HumanResources.Employee of Adventureworks database

having male sex and married

select EmployeeID , Title , MaritalStatus , Gender

From HumanResources.Employee

where Gender='F' and MaritalStatus ='M'

GRIDVIEW1.DATASOURCE = DR.EXECUTEREADER()

GRIDVIEW1.DATABIND()

------------------------------------------------------

MS-ACCES DATABASE : NWIND

TABLE Products ( ProductID, ProductName,categoryName)

TABLE CATEGORIES (categoryId , CategoryName)

output
----------------------------------------------------------
ProductID ProductName CategoryId CategoryName
-----------------------------------------------------------

when we want to populate data from two or more tables

find a common column that appears in two or more tables.

cmd = new oledbcommand("select Productid , productname,

products.categoryID , categoryName

from products , categories

where products.categoryid= categories.categoryid" ,con)

----------------------------------------------------------
Dim con As OleDbConnection

Dim cmd As OleDbCommand

con = New OleDbConnection("Provider=Microsoft.jet.OLEDB.4.0;

Data Source=c:\nwind.mdb")

con.Open()

cmd = New OleDbCommand("select Productid,productname,

products.categoryID,categoryName

from products, categories

where products.categoryid= categories.categoryid", con)

GridView1.DataSource = cmd.ExecuteReader()

GridView1.DataBind()

con.Close()
-----------------------------------------------------------

Use Nwind ms-access database of Employees

table to display EmployeeID , LastName

FirstName and Title whose city is London.

Display using Gridformat

Select EmployeeID , LastName , FirstName ,Title

From Employees

where city='London'
WORKING WITH XML
----------------

1. CREATE XML FILE

2. READING XML DATA USING ASP.NET

3. TRANSFORMING SQL SERVER DATA INTO XML FORMAT

4. CALLING SQL SERVER PROCEDURE IN ASP.NET
---------------------------------------------------

XML : Extensible Markup Language

Similar to HTML(Hypher Text Markup Language)

HTML is not Case sensitive.

XML is sensitive

Html has pre-defined tags

Xml has user defined tags

Html describes how to present data

XMl desribles the data.

XMl data is pure text file.

Any system can read pure text file

-----------------------------------------------------

Dim dst As DataSet

dst = new dataset

dst.ReadXml(MapPath("MENU.XML"))

gridview1.datasource =dst

gridview1.databind()

-------------------------------------------------------

Dim con As OleDbConnection

Dim dad As OleDbDataAdapter

Dim dst As DataSet

Dim strxml As String

con = New OleDbConnection("Provider=Microsoft.jet.OLEDB.4.0;

Data Source=c:\pubs.mdb")

con.Open()

dad = New OleDbDataAdapter("select * from authors", con)

dst = New DataSet()

dad.Fill(dst, "authors")

strxml = dst.GetXml()

response.write("

" & server.htmlEncode(strxml) & "

")

------------------------------------------------------

write asp.net program to convert into xml file

of products table from NWIND database , of those

category of type either "SeaFood" or "Meat/Poultry".

Store the xml file in c: drive

-------------------------------------------------------

"select ProductId, ProductName , Products.categoryid

, categoryName

from products, categories

where products.categoryid= categories.categoryid

and categoryname

in ('SeaFood' , 'Meat/Poultry')" ,con)

dad.fill(dst, "products")

dst.writexml("c:\products.xml")

response.write("Products file is saved")
-----------------------------------------------

TASK 1: draw dropdownlist control and add items

categoryname from categories table

of NWIND database.

----------------------------------------------------------

IsPostBack Property is false when the page

is loaded first time,

when the form is sent to back to server for processing

and sends back to client. once sent to client

again ispostback property is true.

----------------------------------------------------------
If Not IsPostBack Then

Dim con As OleDbConnection
Dim cmd As OleDbCommand
Dim dr As OleDbDataReader

con = New OleDbConnection("Provider=Microsoft.jet.OLEDB.4.0;

Data Source=c:\NWIND.mdb")

con.Open()

cmd = New OleDbCommand("Select categoryid , categoryname
from categories", con)

dr = cmd.ExecuteReader()

DDL1.DataSource = dr
DDL1.DataTextField = "Categoryname"
DDL1.DataValueField = "CATEGORYID"
DDL1.DataBind()

DDL1.ITEMS.INSERT(0, New ListItem("None Selected" , -1))

dr.Close()
con.Close()
End If
----------------------------------------------------------

Protected Sub DropDownList1_SelectedIndexChanged(ByVal sender As Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles DDL1.SelectedIndexChanged

Dim catid As Integer

Dim con as Oledbconnection

DIm cmd as OledbCOmmand

Dim dr as OlddbReader

catid = DDL1.SelectedItem.Value

If catid <> -1 Then

con = New OleDbConnection("Provider=Microsoft.jet.OLEDB.4.0;

Data Source=c:\NWIND.mdb")

con.Open()

cmd = New OleDbCommand("Select Productid ,ProductName

, UnitPrice from products where Categoryid=@id ", con)

cmd.Parameters.AddWithValue("@id", catid)

dr = cmd.ExecuteReader()

GridView1.DataSource = dr

GridView1.DataBind()

ELSE

GRIDVIEW1.DATASOURCE=""

GRIDVIEW1.DATABIND()

End If

End Sub

BUSINESS ETHIC AND VALUE : ETHICS, VALUES AND THE MANAGER

2009-11-29T19:50:00.000-08:00

ETHICS, VALUES AND THE MANAGER
OVERVIEW
=THE MANAGER AS AN INDIVIDUAL
=THE MANAGER AS AN AGENT
=THE MANAGER AS A MORAL LEADER

THE MANAGER AS AN INDIVIDUAL
Conscience
-the moral compass of a human being
-provides the inner voice, which senses right and wrong actions and activates the alarm when an action is on the wrong track
-it is an 'obstacle' against questionable conduct
-a manager must be guided by his or her conscience

Self-interest
-Self-interest is the sense of wanting to do or accomplish something that is advantageous and of interest to own self only
-In economics or businesses, self-interest serves as a source of motivation to decide on a particular course of action (Adam Smith)
-Acting to maximize self-interest is considered rational in the sphere of economics and business especially if it is in the long-term interest of the individual firm or person - enlightened self-interest.

Integrity
-What is integrity? Ordinarily, integrity has been associated with sincerity, trustworthiness, and honesty
-Integrity is the culmination of the development of intellectual and moral virtues in a person
-A person is considered to have a good character when all virtues are integrated in his personality or what some philosophers call unity of virtues
Integrity has two traits, namely humility and courage
-In business, values such as honesty, quality, profitability, sensitivity, sincerity, and high ethical and moral standards, are very important.
-Every individual in an organization should know how to integrate this set of corporate values into day to day practices aligned with corporate principles. By so doing, they can accomplish integrity in their own selves, which then leads to the integrity of the corporation as a whole.

THE MANAGER AS AN AGENT
-Agency in the context of managerial roles refers to managers as economic agents of the organizations they represent
-Two basic roles of managers include:
==member of a family, as a father or a mother, and as a husband or a wife, who is bound by economic, religious and cultural values, and
==member of a group, who is expected to share and contribute to achieving the organization's goals.

Agency roles:
Planning, organizing, and budgeting,
Decision-making,
Managing people,
Informational tasks,
Taking care of employees' welfare, and
Leading and building performing teams.

Agency Problem
Agency relationship can be defined as a contract between principals (owners/shareholders) of a firm and an agent (manager)
Agency problems arise when there is a conflict between a firm's managers and its shareholders such that the goals of the principals are not among the agents' priorities

Examples of Agency Problems
Communication breakdowns between the management and owners,
Conflicting principles and ethical values between the management and owners
Conflicts between company and personal values

How to handle?
implementing the share option scheme, which gives a share of ownership to the managers,
introducing performance bonuses, and
monitoring managers' performances, for instance, by constantly auditing their records

THE MANAGER AS A MORAL LEADER
The features of leadership are:
power,
value-laden,
followers and leaders,
changes toward betterment, and
mutual goals and purpose.

Amongst the leadership qualities are:
integrity, prudence, sharing of core values and purposes,
inspiring others, including followers and associates through stories of identity,
encouraging communication and providing mechanisms for voicing opinions,
defining, planning and carrying out business strategies effectively in line with core purposes,
willing to take risks,
having long term goals and visions, and
encouraging others to not give up and learn from mistakes.

The core purpose of an organization is the reason for its being or the reason for the organization's existence
The core values of organizations are the things that make the organizations what they are and these values define the scope of the organizations' goals

BUSINESS ETHIC AND VALUE : APPLICATIONS OF ETHICS AND VALUES IN BUSINESS AND ECONOMY

2009-11-29T19:42:00.000-08:00

APPLICATIONS OF ETHICS AND VALUES IN BUSINESS AND ECONOMY
OVERVIEW
-Business Function of Creating Wealth
-Ethics and the Quest for Excellence
-Synergizing Moral and Economic Activities

Business Function of Creating Wealth
-Efficiency, profits, prosperity, and growth are among the values that highly characterize business organizations
-Economic values are the essence in any business
-Businesses are also expected to provide employment opportunities, products and services to the society, which will strengthen the society's well being and improve their lifestyles
-To ensure prolonged viability, corporations have to play their role as corporate citizens, who not only refrain from harming others in the process of conducting business but also promotes the social and cultural realm of the community in which they operate.

Ethics And The Quest For Excellence
-Excellence is being superb or a state of being in the finest or the best condition for achieving the purpose, whatever it may be.
-Human beings are excellent when they are able to live according to their core purpose and values. (Aristotle)
-This striving for excellence or the journey towards the final state of excellence require inculcating intellectual as well as moral virtues.
-Several virtues such as honesty, loyalty, altruism and justice are important values in shaping human personality and development
-True success can only be achieved if we live according to noble values by practicing virtues that strengthen character and leadership
-An individual is not considered successful if he or she did something immoral while completing a task even if the end result of the task is good.
-It is considered wrong to benefit oneself at whatever cost to others even though businesses stress self-interest.
-An example of unlawful conduct on the part of companies is selling dangerous products or fraudulently misrepresenting the quality of products.
-Social responsibility of businesses is presently understood as attitudes and values that promote the long term interest of the company as well as the environment in which it operates.
-A socially responsible corporation may be willing to incur high short run costs and losses for the sake of the long term viability and prosperity of the corporation.

Synergizing Moral And Economic Activities
The basic roles of organizations in the economic systems are:
-Producing goods and services efficiently and effectively according to society's preferences and needs, and
-Distributing the goods and services to members of the society according to distribution criteria. This is where issues of justice are prominent, especially distributive justice.
-In producing and distributing products and services, economic institutions interact directly with both the public and the government.
-The economic institutions are responsible to determine what will be produced, who will carry out production work, how work is organized, what the scarce resources are, and how the end products will be distributed among members of the society.
-The subjective preference theory of value is an economic paradigm that looks at consumers as the dynamic or key variable in determining how market capitalism works.
-Those with highly demanded talents get high incomes and those with strong purchasing power 'decide' what will be produced through preferences expressed on the demand side of the market supply and demand curve.
-Distributive justice refers to fair distribution of society's benefits and burdens. The key word is "equal". In distributive justice, equality means treating anything that is equal, equally and the unequal is treated unequally.
-In today's highly competitive economy, economic institutions are expected to not merely focus on making profits only. They are expected to be fair, aware of their responsibilities and contribute actively to the public good.
-Understanding the concepts of social and distributive justice will help businesses fulfill their social responsibilities ethically.

BUSINESS ETHIC AND VALUE : INTRODUCTION

2009-11-29T19:31:00.002-08:00

Overview
1. Fundamentals of Values, Ethics, and Morality
2. Applications of Ethics and Values in Business and Economy
3. Ethics, Values and the Manager
4. Evolution of Moral and Ethical Thoughts
5. Normative Ethics
6. Ethics of Virtue and Character
7. Evolution of Business and Economy in the Market Society
8. Foundation of Business
9. Environment of Business
10. Corporate Power and its Impact on Society and Stakeholders
11. Corporate Social Responsibility
12. Corporate Governance

Introduction
-ethics came from the Greek word ethos, which means customs or the fabric of values that makes a society what it is
-distinguishing disposition, character or attitude of a specific people, culture or group - Solomon (1984)
-a systematic attempt to make sense of our individual and social moral experience in such a way as to determine the rules that ought to govern human conduct, the values worth pursuing and the character traits deserving development in life - De George (1999)
-in short, ethics is actually the study of the moral content of people's behavior against moral principles

Ethics and Etiquette
-Etiquette refers to behavior that is considered socially acceptable, as opposed to morally right or wrong.
-For example, etiquette might require one to use a handkerchief upon sneezing or to shake the hand of a person one is meeting for the first time.

Ethics and the Law
-Ethics and the law often overlap but this may not always be the case.
-Some laws could be considered amoral (have no moral value).
-Many acts that are legal might still be considered to be unethical.
-In other cases, laws themselves may be determined to be unethical.

Ethics and Religion
-Ethics and religion are related to each other.
-Many of our ethical prescriptions, such as don’t kill or steal, derive from religious doctrine.
-However, certain religious prescriptions have been considered by others to be immoral or unethical. E.g.: abortion.

What is Business Ethics?
-Business Ethics is the art and discipline of applying ethical principles to examine and solve complex moral dilemmas.
-Business ethics asks, “What is right and wrong? Good and bad?” in business transactions.

History of Business Ethics
-Ethics in business has been an issue since the very first business transaction
-Prior 1960s - business was primarily considered to be an amoral activity
-1960s - a number of social issues in business began to emerged
-1970s - the field of business ethics took hold in academia
-1980-1985 - business ethics field continued to consolidate
-1985-1995 - business ethics became integrated into large corporations
-Since 1995 - issues related to international business activity have come to the forefront

Why Study Business Ethics?
-To provide people with rationales, and ideas to help them solve ethical dilemma
-Ignorance is one of the reasons why people do unethical acts
-Education can reduce ignorance

Why Businesses have to be Ethical?
-To meet demands of business stakeholders
-To enhance business performance
-To comply with legal requirements
-To prevent or minimize harm
-To promote personal morality

Ethical Reasoning and Standards
-Ethical reasoning involves the application of reasoning and logical thinking to arrive at moral judgement
-Criteria of ethical reasoning includes:
logic,
accuracy, and
consistency
-ethical standards deal with matters that have serious consequences on the harmony and well being of mankind such as moral issues arising out of the conduct of individuals and groups

Ethical Relativism
-Ethical relativism holds that no universal standards or rules can be used to guide or evaluate the morality of an act.
-What is right for you may be wrong for me.
-This view argues that people set their own moral standards for judging their actions.

Nature of Values
-defined as fundamental principles or enduring beliefs about the most desirable conditions and purposes of human life
-determine our actions and behavior, and they enable us to understand why people act the way they do
-values are normally what we want to have or to be associated with in life
-sources:
upbringing,
religion,
social norms
experiences

Nature of Morality
-Rules that govern what is right and wrong and the values that are embedded, fostered or pursued by activities and practices - De George (1999)
-In short, we can say that morality is the governing rules concerning right and wrong actions or conduct
-Moral principles are based on an individual’s conscience - moral instructions internalized by parents/ authority figures that raise individuals

Kohlberg’s Moral Development
==Level1: Pre-conventional (self-orientation)
Obedience and punishment
Individualism and reciprocity
==Level 2: Conventional (others orientation)
Interpersonal conformity/“the good boy/nice girl” stage
“Social system/”the law-and order” stage
==Level 3: Post-conventional, autonomous, principles (universal, human kind orientation)
“Social Contract”
“universal ethical approach”

Differences between Ethics and Morality
-Morality and ethics differ in their nature and scope
-Moral refers to conformity to general standards of goodness or rightness in conduct or character
-Ethics refers to the conformity to an elaborated, ideal code of moral principles such as those often found in the codes of professional organizations
-Ethics is also the 'discipline' or field of scholarly study among the fields of philosophy

Similarities between Ethics and Morality
-both of them are used as a guide in making ethical decisions
-the issues and content of ethics and morality are actually the same but applied to different stages of moral consciousness

ORACLE : Database Instance Creation Script Oracle

2009-11-29T19:15:00.002-08:00

Create oracle database instance
C:\> oradim -new –sid {database_name}

Manually start, stop & delete oracle service
C:\> net start oracleservice[sid_name]
C:\> net stop oracleservice[sid_name]

Delete the created oracle service
C:\> oradim -delete –sid {database_name}

Database creation manual

Step -1
Create the oracle service
C:\> oradim –new –sid db_name

Step -2
Create password file
Change the directory to ORACLE_HOME\database\ and create the password
File with this format (pwd{sid}.ora)

C:\> orapwd file=pwd{sid}.ora password=sys entries=3

Step -3
Create the parameter file (pfile)
[sample pfile]

Step -4
create necessary folders for your database
set ORACLE_SID and connect to the sqlplus prompt
type c:\> sqlplus “/as sysdba”
Sql> startup nomount

Use the sample db create script, copy and paste it in sqlplus prompt
And change the locations for log and datafiles,

Once you get the message
Sql> database created…..

Step -5
To Create data dictionary view and PL/SQL procedures we have to
Run catalog and catproc.sql scripts
Sql> @?\rdbms\admin\catalog.sql
Sql> @?\rdbms\admin\catproc.sql

Sample Database Instance Creation Script Oracle8 (sampledbcreationoracle.sql)
Edit and run the script sampledbcreationoracle.sql, which is located in $DBSRVR_ROOT/oracle, to fit your site requirements and to create an Oracle database instance.
# ----------------------------------------------------------------
#
# Copyright (C) 2001-2002, Siebel Systems, Inc., All rights reserved.
#
# File: sampledbcfg.sql
# Date: 11/18/02
# Purpose: Sample script demonstrates how to configure an oracle dB for Siebel applications
# Execution: Run the script from SQL* plus- "sqlplus", e.g.
# sqlplus /nolog
# SQL>connect /as sysdba
# SQL>@sampledbcreationoracle
#
# General flow:
# 1) fire up the instance
# 2) create the redo log files and system tablespace
# 3) create a dummy rollback segment
# 4) create the other tablespaces
# 5) bring the dummy rollback segment online
# 6) create the other rollback segments
# 7) cleanup by dropping the dummy rollback segment
# 8) restart
#
# modify the database name, parameter
# file(bdump/udump/controlfile), datafile path, logfile path,controlfile
# Edit the parameters below to reflect the default oracle installation on Windows and Unix
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

spool crdbsiebel.log;
set echo on
#define group1='d:\tmp\redodmst_01.dbf'
#define group2='d:\tmp\redodmst_02.dbf'
#define group3='d:\tmp\redodmst_03.dbf'
#define syslogfile='d:\tmp\dmstSYS_01.dbf'
#define RBS='d:\tmp\dmstRBS_01.dbf'
#define TEMP='d:\tmp\dmstTMP_01.dbf'
#define TOOLS='d:\tmp\dmstTOOL_01.dbf'
#define loader_data='d:\tmp\dmstLDR_01.dbf'
#define users_data='d:\dmstUSR_01.dbf'

#
# fire up the instance
#
connect / as sysdba;
startup nomount
startup nomount pfile=initsiebel.ora
#
# create the SYSTEM tablespace
#
create database siebel
controlfile reuse
logfile group 1 ('&group1') size 10M reuse,
group 2 ('&group2') size 10M reuse,
group 3 ('&group3') size 10M reuse
datafile '&syslogfile' size 180M reuse
archivelog
maxlogfiles 32
maxdatafiles 256
character set AL32UTF8;
# the character set for UNICODE database is "AL32UTF8", for ENU database is
# "WE8MSWIN1252"

alter tablespace SYSTEM
default storage (initial 8K
next 8K
minextents 1
pctincrease 0);
#
# create a dummy rbs
#
create rollback segment R0 storage (initial 8K next 8K) tablespace system;
alter rollback segment R0 online;

create tablespace RBS
datafile '&RBS' size 1990M reuse
default storage (initial 48K
next 80K
minextents 1
pctincrease 0);

create tablespace TEMP
datafile '&TEMP' size 1990M reuse
default storage (initial 48K
next 80K
minextents 1
pctincrease 0);

create tablespace TOOLS
datafile '&TOOLS' size 100M reuse
default storage (initial 8K
next 16K
minextents 1
pctincrease 0);

create tablespace loader_data
datafile '&loader_data' size 1980M reuse
default storage (initial 48K
next 80K
minextents 1
pctincrease 0);

create tablespace users_data
datafile '&users_data' size 100M reuse
default storage (initial 8K
next 16K
minextents 1
pctincrease 0);

create tablespace siebeldata
datafile '/datadb/siebel/donnee/siebeldata.dbf' size 2000M reuse
default storage (initial 48K
next 80K
minextents 1
pctincrease 50);

create tablespace siebelindex
datafile '/datadb/siebel/index/siebelindex.dbf' size 1000M reuse
default storage (initial 48K
next 80K
minextents 1
pctincrease 50);

#
# run the appropriate initialization script(s)
#
set stoponerror off
rem
rem catalog.sql also runs the following scripts
rem
rem cataudit.sql
rem catexp.sql
rem catldr.sql
rem

@?/rdbms/admin/catalog

rem
rem catproc.sql also runs the following scripts
rem
rem catprc.sql
rem catsnap.sql
rem catrpc.sql
rem standard.sql
rem dbmsstdx.sql
rem pipidl.sql
rem pidian.sql
rem diutil.sql
rem pistub.sql
rem dbmsutil.sql
rem dbmssnap.sql
rem dbmslock.sql
rem dbmspipe.sql
rem dbmsalrt.sql
rem dbmsotpt.sql
rem dbmsdesc.sql
rem

@?/rdbms/admin/catproc

#
# create the non-system rollback segment(s)
#

create rollback segment R01
storage (initial 80K
next 80K
optimal 5M
minextents 5
maxextents 2000)
tablespace RBS;
alter rollback segment R01 online;

create rollback segment R02
storage (initial 80K
next 80K
optimal 5M
minextents 5
maxextents 2000)
tablespace RBS;
alter rollback segment R02 online;

create rollback segment R03
storage (initial 48K
next 80K
optimal 6M
minextents 5
maxextents 2000)
tablespace RBS;
alter rollback segment R03 online;

create rollback segment R04
storage (initial 48K
next 80K
optimal 6M
minextents 5
maxextents 2000)
tablespace RBS;
alter rollback segment R04 online;

create rollback segment R05
storage (initial 48K
next 80K
optimal 6M
minextents 5
maxextents 2000)
tablespace RBS;
alter rollback segment R05 online;

create rollback segment R06
storage (initial 48K
next 80K
optimal 6M
minextents 5
maxextents 2000)
tablespace RBS;
alter rollback segment R06 online;

create rollback segment R07
storage (initial 48K
next 80K
optimal 6M
minextents 5
maxextents 2000)
tablespace RBS;
alter rollback segment R07 online;

create rollback segment R08
storage (initial 48K
next 80K
optimal 6M
minextents 5
maxextents 2000)
tablespace RBS;
alter rollback segment R08 online;

create rollback segment R09
storage (initial 48K
next 80K
optimal 6M
minextents 5
maxextents 2000)
tablespace RBS;
alter rollback segment R09 online;

create rollback segment R10
storage (initial 48K
next 80K
optimal 6M
minextents 5
maxextents 2000)
tablespace RBS;
alter rollback segment R10 online;

create rollback segment R11
storage (initial 48K
next 80K
optimal 6M
minextents 5
maxextents 2000)
tablespace RBS;
alter rollback segment R11 online;

create rollback segment R12
storage (initial 48K
next 80K
optimal 6M
minextents 5
maxextents 2000)
tablespace RBS;
alter rollback segment R12 online;

create rollback segment large
storage (initial 10M
next 10M
optimal 200M
minextents 5
maxextents 2000)
tablespace RBS;
alter rollback segment large online;

#
# drop the dummy rbs
#
alter rollback segment R0 offline;
drop rollback segment R0;
#
# create the ops$ user and run catdbsyn as that user
#
create user ops$oracle identified externally;
grant dba to ops$oracle with admin option;
alter user ops$oracle temporary tablespace temp;
#
# connect as system and run pupbld
#
connect system/manager;
@?/sqlplus/admin/pupbld.sql
@?/rdbms/admin/catdbsyn.sql;
#
# perform the final cleanup sequence
#
alter user system default tablespace tools temporary tablespace temp;
alter user ops$oracle default tablespace tools temporary tablespace temp;
disconnect;
exit;

ORACLE : Enable Archiving

2009-11-29T19:15:00.001-08:00

Enable Archiving

Step -1 check the archive status

SQL> archive log list;
Database log mode No Archive Mode
Automatic archival Disabled
Archive destination USE_DB_RECOVERY_FILE_DEST
Oldest online log sequence 1
Current log sequence 2

Step -2 shutdown the database to update the parameter file

SQL> shut immediate;
Database closed.
Database dismounted.
ORACLE instance shut down.

Step -3 Open the parameter file [initname.ora]
(Using PFILE)
Add two parameters for enable archiving in user defined location and format for the files (we can specify upto 9 destinations)

log_archive_dest_1='LOCATION=c:\archive'
log_archive_format='ARC%S_%R_%T_%S'

Step -4 Startup the database in mount and enable archiving

SQL> startup mount
ORACLE instance started.

Total System Global Area 838860800 bytes
Fixed Size 1251728 bytes
Variable Size 234882672 bytes
Database Buffers 595591168 bytes
Redo Buffers 7135232 bytes
Database mounted.

Alter the database to archive mode and open the database

Database mounted.
SQL> alter database archivelog;
Database altered.
SQL> alter database open;

Database altered.

Step -5 Check the archive destination and log sequence numbers

SQL> archive log list;
Database log mode Archive Mode
Automatic archival Enabled
Archive destination c:\archive
Oldest online log sequence 1
Next log sequence to archive 2
Current log sequence 2

Using Spfile

Step -1 check the archive status

SQL> archive log list;
Database log mode No Archive Mode
Automatic archival Disabled
Archive destination USE_DB_RECOVERY_FILE_DEST
Oldest online log sequence 1
Current log sequence 2

Step -2 update the system parameter file [spfilename.ora]

update two parameters for enable archiving in user defined location and format for the files (we can specify upto 9 destinations)

sql> alter system set
log_archive_dest_1='LOCATION=c:\archive' scope=spfile;

sql> alter system set
log_archive_format='ARC%S_%R_%T_%S' scope=spfile;

Step -3 bounce the database to take effect on updated parameters

SQL> shut immediate;
Database closed.
Database dismounted.
ORACLE instance shut down.

SQL> startup
ORACLE instance started.

Total System Global Area 838860800 bytes
Fixed Size 1251728 bytes
Variable Size 234882672 bytes
Database Buffers 595591168 bytes
Redo Buffers 7135232 bytes
Database mounted.
Database opened.

ORACLE : Managing Controlfiles

2009-11-29T19:14:00.001-08:00

Managing Controlfiles

Controlfile:

Every Oracle Database has a control file, which is a small binary file that records the physical structure of the database. The control file includes

· The database name
· Names and locations of associated datafiles and redo log files
· The timestamp of the database creation
· The current log sequence number
· Checkpoint information
The control file must be available for writing by the Oracle Database server whenever the database is open. Without the control file, the database cannot be mounted and recovery is difficult.

Creating Additional Copies, Renaming, and Relocating Control Files
You can create an additional control file copy for multiplexing by copying an existing control file to a new location and adding the file name to the list of control files. Similarly, you rename an existing control file by copying the file to its new name or location, and changing the file name in the control file list. In both cases, to guarantee that control files do not change during the procedure, shut down the database before copying the control file.
Multiplex controlfile Using PFILE
1. Shut down the database.
2. Copy an existing control file to a new location, using operating system commands.
3. Edit the CONTROL_FILES parameter in the database initialization parameter file to add the new control file name, or to change the existing control filename.
Example : open the pfile
Edit the controlfile parameter (control_files = ‘ Location1‘ , ‘Location2 ‘ ,’Location3 ‘ we have to give all control files location )
4. Restart the database.
SQL> Startup
Multiplex controlfile Using SPFILE
The steps to multiplex control files using an SPFILE are describe bellow:

Login as SYSDBA

1. Alter the SPFILE: Using the ALTER SYSTEM SET command, alter the SPFILE to include a list of all control files to be used.

SQL> ALTER SYSTEM SET control_files='c:\control01.ctl'
,'c:\control02.ctl', 'c:\control03.ctl' scope=spfile;

2. Shut down the database: Shut down the database in order to create the additional/ relocate control files on the operating system.

SQL> SHUTDOWN IMMEDIATE;

3. Create additional control files: Using the operating system copy command, create/move the additional control files as required and verify that the files have been created in the appropriate directories.
Example
copy and paste the control files to new location (Windows)
mv /ua1/control01.ct /ua2 (Unix)

4. Start the database: When the database is started the SPFILE will be read and the Oracle server will maintain all the control files listed in the CONTROL_FILES parameter.

SQL>STARTUP;
Dropping Control Files
You want to drop control files from the database, for example, if the location of a control file is no longer appropriate. Remember that the database should have at least two control files at all times.

1. Shut down the database.
2. Edit the CONTROL_FILES parameter in the database initialization parameter file to delete the old control file name.
3. Restart the database.
Displaying Control File Information
View Description
V$DATABASE Displays database information from the control file
V$CONTROLFILE Lists the names of control files
V$CONTROLFILE_RECORD_SECTION Displays information about control file record sections
V$PARAMETER Displays the names of control files as specified in the CONTROL_FILES initialization parameter

ORACLE : Managing Tablespace

2009-11-29T19:12:00.000-08:00

Managing Tablespace

1.Tablespace Management

Using multiple tablespaces allows you more flexibility in performing database operations. For example, when a database has multiple tablespaces, you can perform the following tasks:

Ø Separate user data from data dictionary data to reduce contention among dictionary objects and schema objects for the same datafiles

Ø Separate one application's data from another's to prevent multiple applications from being affected if a tablespace must to be taken offline

Ø Store different tablespaces' datafiles on separate disk drives to reduce I/O contention

Ø Separate rollback segment data from user data, preventing a single disk failure from causing permanent loss of data.

2. Locally Managed Tablespaces
Locally managed tablespaces track all extent information in the tablespace itself, using bitmaps, resulting in the following benefits

Improved concurrency and speed of space operations, because space allocations and deallocations predominantly modify locally managed resources (bitmaps stored in header files) rather than requiring centrally managed resources such as enqueues

Create Tablespace (Locally Managed)

Sql> CREATE TABLESPACE name DATAFILE '/u02/oracle/data/lmtbsb01.dbf' SIZE 50M EXTENT MANAGEMENT LOCAL AUTOALLOCATE;

Altering Tablespace adding datafiles to the tablespace

Sql> ALTER TABLESPACE name
ADD DATAFILE '/u02/oracle/data/lmtbsb02.dbf' SIZE 1M

3.Dictionary Managed Tablespace

Storage information of the tablespace space available and freelist will maintained in System tablespace data dictionary

Create Dictionary Managed Tablespace

Sql> CREATE TABLESPACE tbsb
DATAFILE '/u02/oracle/data/tbsa01.dbf' SIZE 50M
EXTENT MANAGEMENT DICTIONARY
DEFAULT STORAGE (
INITIAL 50K
NEXT 50K
MINEXTENTS 2
MAXEXTENTS 50
PCTINCREASE 0);

Altering a Dictionary-Managed Tablespace
One reason for using an ALTER TABLESPACE statement is to add a datafile. The following statement creates a new datafile for the tbsa tablespace:
SQL> ALTER TABLESPACE tbsa
ADD DATAFILE '/u02/oracle/data/tbsa02.dbf' SIZE 1M;

You might also want to change the default storage parameters.
You can change the default storage parameters of a tablespace using the ALTER TABLESPACE statement, as illustrated in the following example:

SQL> ALTER TABLESPACE users
DEFAULT STORAGE (
NEXT 100K
MAXEXTENTS 20
PCTINCREASE 0);

ORACLE : Introduction to Oracle Database

2009-11-29T19:10:00.001-08:00

Introduction to Oracle Database

1.Oracle Database Architecture

The Oracle server architecture is basically categorized as follows:
· Instance (memory structure)
· Physical database structure
The Oracle Instance (memory structure)
The most basic components of Oracle memory are:
· SGA
· PGA

2. SGA
SGA- It stands for System Global Area. SGA is allocated whenever an Oracle instance starts and gets de-allocated when the Oracle instance is shutdown.

· Components of SGA:
1. The Database Buffer Cache
2. The Redo Log Buffer
3. The Shared Pool
4. The Java Pool
5. The Streams Pool

3.PGA
PGA- It stands for Program Global Area. It is a region in memory that contains data and control information for a single process. This can be either a server. A PGA is allocated whenever an Oracle database user connects to a database and a session is created for him/her.

The first interaction with the Oracle-based application comes from the user computer that creates a user process. The user process then communicates with the.

4.Background process and internal working mechanism

Oracle has a large number of background processes. The background processes are categorized into:
· Mandatory Oracle background processes
· Optional Oracle background processes
4.a .Mandatory Processes
v DBWR - It writes data blocks from SGA to data files.
v LGWR - It writes data from the Log Buffer to the redo log.
v CKPT - It timestamps all the data files and the control files whenever a checkpoint occurs.
v PMON - It stands for process monitor. It keeps track of database processes. It also cleans up the process that has died pre-maturely. The result is that all the cache and the resources are freed up. It also restarts those dispatcher processes that might have failed.
Some of the main functions of background processes are:
Ø Communication among Oracle instances
Ø Performing computer maintenance
Ø Writing the dirty blocks to disk
v SMON - It stands for system monitor. It performs instance recovery at instance startup

5. Overview of Physical Database Structures

The following sections explain the physical database structures of an Oracle database, including datafiles, control files, redo log filesarchive log files, parameter files, alert and trace log files, and backup files.

Ø Datafiles
Ø Control Files
Ø Online Redo Log Files
Ø Archived Redo Log Files
Ø Parameter Files
Ø Alert and Trace Log Files
Ø Backup Files
The following sections explain the physical database structures of an Oracle database, including datafiles, redo log files, and control files.
Datafiles
Every Oracle database has one or more physical datafiles. The datafiles contain all the database data. The data of logical database structures, such as tables and indexes, is physically stored in the datafiles allocated for a database.
Control Files
Every Oracle database has a control file. A control file contains entries that specify the physical structure of the database. For example, it contains the following information
· Database name
· Names and locations of datafiles and redo log files
· Time stamp of database creation
Redo Log Files
Every Oracle database has a set of two or more redo log files. The set of redo log files is collectively known as the redo log for the database. A redo log is made up of redo entries (also called redo records).
The primary function of the redo log is to record all changes made to data. If a failure prevents modified data from being permanently written to the datafiles, then the changes can be obtained from the redo log, so work is never lost.

Table Spaces
The physical database storage units, data files, are associated with table spaces according to the logical structure of the database. For example, table spaces may be created to separate different categories of data. Table spaces are divided into smaller logical divisions called segments, which are divided further into extents and data blocks. These levels of data storage allow control over how the data files are allocated for physical storage.
Figure shows how oracle stores table in datafiles

Reference:
http://oraclenz.com/__oneclick_uploads/2008/06/oracle_11_concepts.pdf
http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/B19306_01/server.102/b14220/intro.htm#sthref35
http://www.ucertify.com/article/the-oracle-10g-architecture.html
http://www.oracle.com/technology/tech/migration/isv/docs/OracleArchitectureOverview.pdf

What is .NET Framework?

2009-11-29T18:47:00.000-08:00

Defining the .NET Framework

The .Net FrameWork is
-The Microsoft .NET Framework is a platform for building, deploying and XML Web Services and applications.

-It provides the necessary classes, namespaces and assemblies to create such applications.

-the ability to solve the challenges of deployment and operation of Internet-scale applications.

-The .NET Framework is used by all Microsoft languages including Visual C#, VB.Net,Visual J#, and Visual C++.

-It is a collection of many small technologies integrated as a single large technology.such that very powerful application can be developed which can be used anywhere anytime.

-A programming infrastructure created by Microsoft for building and

-running application and services that use .Net technologies.such as

-desktop application and Webservices.

-A software development environment.

-A run time engine for managed code.

-A platform designed for Internet-distributed software

A First look at Managed code Sample code
Hello.vb
Imports System.Windows.Forms
Imports System.Drawing

Class MyForm
Inherits Form

Public Shared Sub Main()
Application.Run(New My Form())
End Sub
Protected Overloads Overrides Sub OnPaint(ByVal e As PaintEventArgs)
e.Graphics.DrawString("Hello World!", NewFont("Arial",35)Brushes.Blue,10,100)
End Sub
End Class

What is CLR ?
The CLR (Common language runtime) is..
-CLR is .Net run time execution engine ,it's like virtual machine in java. It converts the MSIL code to Machine level language. It provides lot of service to .Net frame work.
-Code execution and loading
-Application memory support
-Code access security.
-Memory Management objects.
-Exception handling.
-Code interoperability between unmanaged code and Data.
It includes CLS and CTS
-Conversion of MSIL to native code.
-Developer support like Profiling and Debugging..etc.Access to Metadata.
-Manages .NET Code (such as VB.Net applications)
-Provides features such as memory management, thread management, object type safety, security, etc.
-Is a part of the .NET Framework

What is managed code ?
-Managed code
-Code that targets the CLR
-Any .NET Language, including C#, Visual Basic, C++, Java, Cobol, etc.

What is memory management ?
The memory management is..

The CLR manages memory for managed code
--All allocations of objects and buffers made from a Managed Heap
=Unused objects and buffers are cleaned up automatically through Garbage Collection
--Some of the worst bugs in software development are not possible with managed code
--Leaked memory or objects
--References to freed or non-existent objects
=Reading of uninitialized variables
=Pointerless environment

What is The Framework Class Library ?
-A huge collection of reusable types
Classes, interfaces, enumerations and structures
-For use by any managed code
Including code written in any managed programming language
-Types for
-Common tasks such as collections, file IO, memory and thread management
-GUI and window manipulation
Web form and web service applications
-Totally object oriented toolbox for developers
-Ships as part of the .NET Framework

Using FCL

Types are arranged in a hierarchy of Namespaces
-A type’s full name includes its namespaces
-Form class is actually System.Windows.Forms.Form
Use ‘imports’ to indicate namespaces in source code
Assembly references are necessary for many types
-The SDK documentation is critical for using SDK types
-Includes descriptions
-Often includes useful code samples
-Indicates namespaces and assemblies for types

Namespace
-It is a physical representation of dll.
-The .net framework class library is available as a collection of namespaces.
-Namespace contain types, such as classes and enumerations, which is use in a program.
-When you want use a Windows form, you must use the System.windows.forms.
-Here ‘system’ includes essential classes and base classes that define commonly used data types events and event handlers,interfaces,attributes,exceptions and so on.

Asp.Net technology
-It is a technology which is used for designing Web forms and Web services.
-Asp. net is an important component of the .net framework.asp.net provides advanced capabilities, such as efficient database access and easy to use application and session stae capabilities.
-Asp. net application can b created using .net language.

Types of Managed Applications
-Common application
-GUI or windowed applications (Windows. Forms)
Console applications or command line apps
-Web applications (ASP.net)
-Web forms applications
Web services
-Scripted code
-Applications like word processors or database servers can host the CLR
-Use any managed language (C#, VB, etc.) as a script or macro language

Database: Database Design

2009-05-03T05:31:00.000-07:00

E-R Model Constructs
Entity - person, place, object, event, concept (often corresponds to a row in a table)
Entity Set – collection of entities (often corresponds to a table)
Attribute - property or characteristic of an entity type (often corresponds to a field in a table)
Relationship instance – link between entities (corresponds to primary key-foreign key equivalencies in related tables)
Relationship set – category of relationship…link between entity types

What Should an Entity Be?
SHOULD BE:
An object that will have many instances in the database
An object that will be composed of multiple attributes
An object that we are trying to model
SHOULD NOT BE:
A user of the database system
An output of the database system (e.g. a report)

Attributes
Attribute - property or characteristic of an entity type
Classifications of attributes:
Simple versus Composite Attribute
Single-Valued versus Multivalued Attribute
Stored versus Derived Attributes
Identifier Attributes

Identifiers (Keys)
-Identifier (Key) - An attribute (or combination of attributes) that uniquely identifies individual instances of an entity type
-Simple Key versus Composite Key
-Candidate Key – an attribute that could be a key…satisfies the requirements for being a key

Characteristics of Identifiers
-Will not change in value
-Will not be null
-No intelligent identifiers (e.g. containing locations or people that might change)
-Substitute new, simple keys for long, composite keys

Degree of Relationships
-Degree of a Relationship is the number of entity types that participate in it
=Unary Relationship
=Binary Relationship
=Ternary Relationship

Cardinality of Relationships
Expresses the number of entities to which another entity can be associated via a relationship. For binary relationship sets between entity sets A and B, the mapping cardinality must be one of the following

One-to-one: An entity in A is associated with at most one entity in B, and an entity in B is associatedwith at most one entity in A.

One-to-many: An entity in A is associated with any number in B. An entity in B is associated with at most one entity in A.

Many-to-one: An entity in A is associated with at most one entity in B. An entity in B is associated with any number in A.

Many-to-many: Entities in A and B are associated with any number from each other.

The appropriate mapping cardinality for a particular relationship set depends on the real world being modeled.

Modeling Constraints
Extracting constraints is what modeling is all about. But how do
we express them?

Examples:

Keys: social security number uniquely identifies a person.

Single-value constraints: a person can have only one father.

Referential integrity constraints: if you work for a company, it
must exist in the database.

Domain constraints: peoples’ ages are between 0 and 150.

Keys
A set of attributes that uniquely identify an object or entity:

Person: social security number
name
name + address
name + address + age

Perfect keys are often hard to find, but organizations usually
invent something anyway.

An object may have multiple keys:

employee number, social-security number

Single Value Constraints
An entity (or object) may have at most one value for a given
attribute or relationship.
Person: name, social-security number
Company: stock price
How do we do this in ODL?

In E/R, every attribute has at most one value.
Arrows tell us about multiplicity of relations.

If we have a single-valued constraint, we can either:
1. Require that the value exist (see referential integrity shortly)
2. Allow null values.

Referential Integrity Constraints
A relationship has one value and the value must exist.

Example:
Product madeBy Company: company must exist.

How do we enforce referential integrity constraints? (otherwise,
we get dangling pointers)

- forbid to delete a reference object, or
- delete the objects that reference an object we’re deleting.

Cardinality Constraints
-Cardinality Constraints - the number of instances of one entity that can or must be associated with each instance of another entity.
-Minimum Cardinality
If zero, then optional
If one or more, then mandatory
-Maximum Cardinality
The maximum number

Strong vs. Weak Entities, andidentifying Relationships
-Strong entities
exist independently of other types of entities
has its own unique identifier
represented with single-line rectangle
-Weak entity
dependent on a strong entity…cannot exist on its own
Does not have a unique identifier
represented with double-line rectangle
-Identifying relationship
links strong entities to weak entities
represented with double line diamond

Associative Entities
It’s an entity – it has attributes
AND it’s a relationship – it links entities together
When should a relationship with attributes instead be an associative entity?
All relationships for the associative entity should be many
The associative entity could have meaning independent of the other entities
The associative entity has a single-attribute identifier, and should also have other attributes
The associative may be participating in other relationships other than the entities of the associated relationship
Ternary relationships should be converted to associative entities (p102)

Supertypes and Subtypes
Subtype: A subgrouping of the entities in an entity type which has attributes that are distinct from those in other subgroupings
Supertype: An generic entity type that has a relationship with one or more subtypes
Inheritance:
Subtype entities inherit values of all attributes of the supertype
An instance of a subtype is also an instance of the supertype

Relationships and Subtypes
Relationships at the supertype level indicate that all subtypes will participate in the relationship
The instances of a subtype may participate in a relationship unique to that subtype. In this situation, the relationship is shown at the subtype level

Generalization and Specialization
Generalization: The process of defining a more general entity type from a set of more specialized entity types. BOTTOM-UP
Specialization: The process of defining one or more subtypes of the supertype, and forming supertype/subtype relationships. TOP-DOWN

Constraints in Supertype/ Completeness Constraint
Completeness Constraints: Whether an instance of a supertype must also be a member of at least one subtype
Total Specialization Rule: Yes (double line)
Partial Specialization Rule: No (single line)

Constraints in Supertype/ Disjointness constraint
Disjointness Constraints: Whether an instance of a supertype may simultaneously be a member of two (or more) subtypes.
Disjoint Rule: An instance of the supertype can be only ONE of the subtypes
Overlap Rule: An instance of the supertype could be more than one of the subtypes

Systems Analysis and Design : Part 2 Making the Business Case

2009-04-01T11:43:00.000-07:00

Identifying and Selecting Systems Development Projects

Project Identification & Selection

The process
Identifying potential development projects
top management, steering committee, user department, development group
Classifying and ranking projects. value chain analysis, strategic alignment, potential benefits, resource
availability, project size, technical difficulty/risks
Selecting projects for development.
decisions factors ->decisions outcomes

Deliverables
A schedule of specific IS development projects.
An assurance that careful consideration was given to project selection.

Corporate Strategic Planning
an ongoing process that defines the mission, objectives and strategies of an organization.
==>Gain an understanding of the current enterprise
==>Top management must determine where it wants
the enterprise to be in the future.
==>A strategic plan can be developed to guide
this transition.

Three major steps.
The first step is the development of a mission statement. The company’s mission statement typically states, in very simple terms, what business the company is in.
After defining its mission, an organization then defines its objectives. The objective statements are “broad and timeless” goals for the organization. These goals are expressed as a series of statements that are either qualitative or quantitative, but typically do not contain details that are likely to change substantially over time.
Once a company has defined its mission and objectives, a competitive strategy is formulated. A competitive strategy is the method by which an organization attempts to achieve its mission and objectives.

Competitive strategies
-Low-cost producer, product differentiation, and product focus or niche are three generic competitive strategies competitive strategies.
-The low-cost producer strategy reflects competing in an industry on the basis of product or service cost to the consumer.
-The product differentiation strategy reflects capitalizing on a key product criterion requested by the market.
-The product focus or niche strategy is similar to both the low-cost and differentiation strategies but with a much narrower market focus.

IS Planning (ISP)-an orderly means of assessing the information needs of an organization and defining the systems, databases and technologies that will best satisfy those needs.
- Assess current IS related assets - human
resources,data, processes and technology.
- The blueprints of those resources are developed
to reach the organization’s objectives.
- A series of scheduled projects is defined.

Describing the Current Situation
Top-down planning
A generic information systems planning methodology that attempts
to gain a broad understanding of the information system needs of the
entire organization.
Begins by conducting an analysis of the organization’s mission,
objectives, strategy and determining the information requirements
needed to achieve each objective.
Involved top-level management

Bottom-up planning
A generic information systems planning methodology that identifies
and defines IS development projects based on problem solving or
taking advantage of some business opportunities.
Begins by the identification of business problems and opportunities.
It can be faster and less costly to develop IS project.
But it often fail to view the informational needs of the entire
organization.

Internet-based applications
When designing Internet-based applications, as opposed to intranet or extranet applications, designers are concerned with who the user is, the connection speed, and the access method.

Activities
Project Initiation
Focuses on activities designed to assist in organizing
team to conduct project planning.
Includes forming the project initiation team, establishing
customer relationships, developing a plan to get the
project started, setting project management procedures
and creating overall environment.
Project Planning
Define activities and the work needed to complete each
activity within a single project
Outcomes :
1. BPP (Baseline Project Plan)
2. SOW (Statement of Work)
Assumptions about resources availability and potential
problems will be made.

Assessing Project Feasibility
Economic
a process of identifying the financial benefits and costs associated with a development project.
Technical
a process of assessing the development organization’s ability to construct a proposed system.
Include hardware, software, and operating system to be used in development.
Operational
a process of assessing the degree to which a proposed system solves business problems or takes advantage of business opportunities.
Schedule
a process of assessing the degree to which the potential time frame and completion dates for all major activities within a project meet the deadline and constraints for affecting change.
Legal and contractual
a process of assessing potential legal and contractual ramifications due to the construction of a system.
Political
a process of evaluating how stakeholders within the organization view the proposed system.

Economic Feasibility
Identify financial benefits and costs associated with a development project
Benefits :
Tangible - can be measured in dollars and with certainty
Categories :
1. Cost of reduction and avoidance
2. Error reduction
3. Increased feasibility
4. Increased speed of activity
5. Improvement of mgmt planning & control
6. New markets & increase sales opportunity
Intangible - cannot be measured in dollars/with certainty
May have direct organizational benefits or societal impact
Tangible - Examples: items like hardware, software, operational
Intangible - Examples: loss of customer goodwill
One-time - associated with project initiation &
development and the startup of the system
- Example: new hardware, software purchase
Recurring - cost resulting from the ongoing evolution and use of the system
- Example: application software maintenance incremental data storage expense

Technical Feasibility
Assess the development organization’s ability to
construct a proposed system.
Assessment Factors:
1. Project size.
2. Project structure.
3. The development group’s experience with the application and technology area.
4. The user group’s experience with development projects and application area.

Building the BPP
Baseline Project Plan (BPP)
contains all information collected during project initiation and planning
Four Sections in BPP:
1. Introduction - project review & recommendation
2. System Description - alternatives & system description
3. Feasibility Assessment - economic, political & schedule, timeline and resource analysis
4. Management Issues - team configuration and management, communication plan, project standards and procedures, others

-The plan reflects the best estimate of the project’s scope, benefits, costs, risks, and resource requirements given the current understanding of the project. The BPP specifies detailed project activities for the next life cycle phase, analysis, and less detail for subsequent project phases (these depend on the results of the analysis phase). The content and format of a BPP depends on the size, complexity, and standards of an organization.

Human-computer interaction: Affordance, Usability Paradigms and Principles

2009-01-27T01:33:00.000-08:00

What is Affordance?

Visibility ?
-Controls need to be visible with good mapping for their effects and their design should also suggest (afford) their functionality.

Affordance?
-Norman (1992) – is a technical terms that refers to the properties of objects
.What sort of operations and manipulations can be done to a particular objects
Eg – doors afford opening
- chair afford support
-Refers to the properties of objects.
..>Operations and manipulation can be done to a particular object.
-Make things visible
-Provide indication of how something can be used.
-Provide clues to what something “is for”
-Goal: use the object is evident just by looking at it.

-Buttons
..Flat
..Shadowed
-Hyperlinks
..Plain text
..Marked
-Cursor shapes

Perceptual
-Eg: button that affords pushing
wheel affords turning

Sequential
-Acting on one perceptual affordance leads to information indicating new affordances.
-Eg: Macintosh Scroll bar. There is a perceptual affordance to click the box (center) which immediately results in the box becoming “animated” and which affords moving the box left or right along the shaft. The affordance to grab the box leads sequentially to dragging.

Sound
-Action with sound.
-Eg: Sonic Finder designed by Gaver

Affordance - example
Does the design suggest that the door should be pushed or pulled?

Usability

•ISO defines usability as "the effectiveness, efficiency and satisfaction with which specified users can achieve specified goals in particular environments".

•usability is the measure of a product's potential to accomplish the goals of the users. It can be used in relation to any product that is employed to accomplish a task. In information technology, the term is often used in relation to software applications and Web sites.

•the term usability includes the following characteristics:
–ease of use
–ease of learning
–flexibility of use
–effectiveness of use
–user satisfaction

•identify the goals and to decompose effectiveness, efficiency and satisfaction and the components of the context of use into sub components with measurable and verifiable attributes.
–Effectiveness is the accuracy and completeness which specified users can achieve specified goals in particular environments.
–Efficiency: the resources expended in relation to the accuracy and completeness of goals achieved.
–Satisfaction: the comfort and acceptability of the work system to its users and other people affected by its use.

Usability framework according to ISO/DIS 9241-11.2.

Division of Usability

•Usability specification
–Usability specification refers to quantitative usability goals. It provides guidelines for knowing when an a system or an interface is good enough.
–Usability specification should be established as early as possible in the development process. It is regarded as a key in determining usability of an interactive system, by producing a metric against which usability of a particular user interface can be measured.

•Usability Evaluation
–Usability evaluation, meanwhile, is concerned with testing a prototype or a system to find out whether it is usable according to the specification.
–There are generally three types of usability evaluation methods:
•Usability testing
•Usability Inspection
•Usability Inquiry

•Usability Testing
–Usability testing is a method by which users of a product are asked to perform certain tasks in an effort to measure the product's ease-of-use, task time, and the user's perception of the experience.
–Usability testing can be done formally, in a usability lab with video cameras, or informally, with paper mock-ups of an application or Web site.
–Changes are made to the application or site based on the findings of the usability tests. Whether the test is formal or informal, usability test participants are encouraged to think aloud and voice their every opinion. Usability testing is best used in conjunction with user-centered design, a method by which a product is designed according to the needs and specifications of users.

•Usability Inspection
–Usability inspection is a method by which, usability specialists such as software developers or users will examine usability aspects of a user interface.

•Usability Inquiry
–Usability inquiry is a method where usability evaluators obtain information about users' likes, dislikes, needs, and understanding of the system by talking to them, observing them using the system in real work, or letting them answer questions verbally or in written form.

Techniques for measuring usability

Human-computer interaction : Introduction

2009-01-26T20:38:00.000-08:00

Objectives

Define HCI
-Understand the taxonomy of HCI
-Describe the components of HCI
-Understand the discipline contributing to HCI
-Understand the human factors

Definitions of HCI
-HCI is a discipline concerned with the design, evaluation and implementation of interactive computing systems for human use and with the study of major phenomena surrounding them. (ACM SIGCHI, 1992, p.6)
-A set of processes, dialogues and actions through which user employs and interacts with a computer. (Baecker and Buxton, 1987, p.40)
-HCI is about designing computer systems that support people so that they can carry out their activities productively and safely. (Preece 1994)

The importance of HCI
-HCI is important in the design process since the computer interface is the first point of contact the user has with the system and the user will judge the system on the basis of the interface.

-Systems should consider some aspects of the cost:
..>The cost of software is high and the competitive edge is more difficult to achieve. The interface to a system might give it this edge.
..>The cost to train users is high, therefore, a system which is easy and natural to use will save money in the long run, since the training time will be kept to a minimum.
..>The cost of human error can be high. Systems that are transparent ought to reduce the likelihood of error or to aid error recovery.

Taxonomy of HCI

Use and context
>social organization and work
.>Humans are interacting social beings.
.>Considers models of human activity.
Small group, organizations, socio-technical systems
.>Quality of work life..

application areas
>Characteristics of application domain, e.g : individual vs group work
>Popular style
.>ocument production, tutorial and help, multimedia information kiosks, embedded systems.

human-machine fit & adaptation
>Improve the fit between the designed object and its use
>How systems are selected and adopted, how systems adapt to the user (customization), how users adapt to the system (training, ease of learning), user guidance (help, documentation, error-handling)

Human characteristics (how people work and how they are expected to interact with machines)
>human information processing
>Characteristics of the human as a processor of information
>Memory, perception, motor skills, attention, problem solving…

language, communication, and interaction
>Aspects of language
>Syntax, semantics, conversational interaction, specialized languages

ergonomics
>Characteristics of people and their relationship to workspace and the environment
>Arrangement of displays and controls, fatigue and health, design for the disable…

Computer system & interface architecture
>input & output devices
>dialogue techniques
>dialogue genre
>computer graphics
>dialog architecture

Development process
>design approaches
>implementation techniques & tool
>evaluation techniques

Disciplines contributing to HCI
.Computer Science
-To provide knowledge about the capability of technology and wide assortment of software tools.
-It also provides methods for facilitating design & development.

.Cognitive Psychology
-It provides knowledge about the capabilities & limitation of users
-Concerned with understanding human behavior such as what we see, what we touch, what we taste.

.Social and organizational psychology
-Concerned with studying the nature and causes of human behavior in a social context.
-The role of social and organizational psychology is to inform designers about social and organizational structures and about how the introduction of computers will influence working practices.

.Ergonomics
-Developed from the interests of a number of different disciplines.
-Its purpose is to define and design tools and various artifacts for different work, leisure and domestic environments to suit the capabilities and capacities of users.

Linguistics
-Is the scientific study of language
-Understanding of the syntax (structure) and semantic (meaning) is important

Artificial Intelligence
-Concerned with the design of intelligent computer programs which simulate different aspects of intelligent human behaviour.
-The relationship of AI and HCI is mainly concerned with users’ needs when interacting with an intelligent interface.

.Philosophy, sociology and anthropology
-Traditionally, they have not been directly involved with the actual design of computer systems, but rather with the consequences of developments in information technology and technology transfer.

.Engineering and design
-Engineering is the applies science which relies heavily on model building and empirical testing. its takes the findings of science and utilizes them in the production of artifacts.
-Design contributes creative skills and knowledge to this process.

Human Factor (Ergonomics)

"The scientific study of the relationship between human and their work environment" (Murrell, 1965; Chapanis, 1965)

.Is the study of the physical characteristics of the interaction:
-How the controls are designed
-The physical environment in which the interaction takes place
-The layout and physical qualities of the screen.

Issues Addressed by Ergonomics
-Arrangement of controls and displays
-Sets of controls and parts of the display should be grouped logically to allow rapid access by the user.
-Should be organized in terms of
...Functionality – controls and displays are organized so that those that are functionally related are placed together
...Sequential - controls and displays are organized in a particular task sequence.
...Frequency - controls and displays are organized based on the frequency of used

The physical environment of the interaction
-Where will the system be used
-By whom will it be used
-Will users be sitting, standing or moving about
-Considerations
..Size
The smallest user should be able to reach all the controls (this may include a user in a wheelchair), and the largest user should not be cramped in the environment. In particular, all users should be comfortably able to see critical displays.
..Seat
For long period of use, the user should be seated for comfort and stability, and seating should provide back support.
..Stand
If required to stand, the user should have room to move around in order to reach all the controls.

Health Issues
-These are the factors in the physical environment that directly affect the quality of the interaction and the user's performance :
...Physical Position
...Temperature
...Lighting
...Noise
...Time

The use of colour
-Importance of Arrangement of Control and Displays
...Give strong emotional reaction
...Add accents to an uninteresting display
...Facilitate subtle discrimination in complex displays
...Emphasize the logical organization of information
...Draw attention to alert the users